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Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

Spirits Zhittya UKRAЇNSKOЇ powers XVII STOLІTTYA

Vnaslіdok Beresteyskoї unії Church in Ukraїnі podіlilasya on Dvi: old, zv'yazanu s Orthodox converge s Konstantinopіlskim patrіyarhom, іz longtime ukraїnskoyu traditsієyu scho led to St. Volodymyr, Olga, Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Monastery, knyazіv, patronіv that zasnovnikіv Orthodox church, i nova, scho creates novі vzaєmovіdnosini, nav'yazuvala zv'yazki s Rome, which gave the unіyu, yak small poklast edge rozrivovі 1054 roku, zagoїti Rani on tili єdinoї Hristovoї Church st stvoriti nova churches z'єdnanu s Roman Katolitskoyu. Prekrasnі tsі іdeї Pokey scho no zdіysnyuvalisya, ale єdina before the hour of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine on podіlilasya Dvi, for SSMSC people Pocha zhorstoku, severe Borotba.

a) The Orthodox Church

Pіslya Beresteyskoї unії Orthodox Church in OPIN katastrofіchnomu stanі. Ti nevelikі rights yakimi koristuvalasya Won in Polskіy derzhavі, pereyshli to Unіyatskoї Church once s churches maєtnostyami, Monastir. W usіh ієrarhіv zalishilisya vіrnimi їy deprivation two єpiskopi Gideon Balaban - Lvіvsky that Mihaїl Kopistensky - Peremisky, yakih unіyatsky Beresteysky Cathedral deposed and polsky Uryadov not viznavav for єpiskopіv. Orthodox nobility zvernulasya bula to Soim scho zіbravsya lyutomu in 1597 roku, ale Soim standing on storonі unії i sue protosinkela - Ekzarh Konstantinopolskogo patrіyarha, Nikifor, yaky LUVs head Beresteyskogo Orthodox Cathedral. Pіslya Soim for instructions to the king, Nikifor uv'yazneno th vivaise to Magdeburzkoї fortetsі. Of Hope on Soim not vipravdalisya.

Rock 1599 at Vіlnі zіbralasya Confederation protestantskoї that pravoslavnoї gentry, yak uhvalila dіyati spіlno in oboronі Churches - Pravoslavnoї that Protestantskoї. Tim hour in Polschі Postal opozitsіya against the king, yogo zovnіshnoї polіtiki (Borotba Zi Shvetsієyu for the throne), Yogo intolerance Contrary to orthodox that protestantіv - "disidentіv". Pocha "rokoshі" - a rebellion against the king, dozvolenі konstitutsієyu. Pid vplivom disidentіv that Orthodox polsky primusheny Uryadov LUVs pіti on deyakі actions Orthodox 1605 rock їm Turn Kiєvo-Pechers'ka Monastery, scho yogo on the Archimandrite pravі nadannya dіstav Єlіsey Pletenetsky, obrany Chentsov that nobility.

1607 rock Soim priynyav konstitutsіyu stosovno "gretskoї relіgії". For tsієyu konstitutsієyu tserkovnі maєtki mozhna Bulo nadavati zgіdno s will of їh fundatorіv i allows vіdpravlyati without pereshkod divine services for davnіmi rites. Pomilkoyu tsієї konstitutsії Bulo those scho Won not vіdrіznyala unіyatіv od Orthodox. Lachey Seymovoy konstitutsіya 1609 roku od vіdrіznila Orthodox unіyatіv.

Against tsі actions not zmіnyali right: unіyati prodovzhuvali vіdbirati Orthodox Church, pereslіduvali Orthodox clergy were not allowed to mіschanstvo tsehіv, magіstratіv. Crave encampment Bulo s єpiskopami. Roku 1607 died Gideon Balaban and rock 1610 - Mihaїl Kopistensky. Do not Pravoslavnіy Tserkvі zalishilosya b greedy єpiskopa, yakbi not poschastilo Єremіevі Tisarovskomu posіsti Lvіvsku katedru who gave korolevі zapevnennya scho vіn - unіyat. Visvyacheny vіn CCB Suchavskim Metropolitan Anastazіem. On peremisku єparhіyu King priznachiv unіyata Afanasіya Krupetskogo, hoch in tsіlіy parafії not Bulo greedy unіyata. Orthodox nobility vistavila proti Demba Gulevich-Voyutinskogo. Dopomagali, albeit in hіrotonіyah svyaschenikіv skhіdnі ієrarhi scho priїzdili for "milostinyu" ale stink did not know the people, yakih visvyachuvali, i Tse has repeatedly led to visvyati osіb not gіdnih dignity.

Velika Relief Pravoslavnіy Tserkvі served fraternity pravoslavnі, SSMSC vidavali antiunіynі create, ukladali protestatsії fed petitsії, vistupali on ships oboronyayuchi ecclesiastical Main, i, etc. Vlastivo proti unії pіdnosivsya єdiny voice -.. Collective voice of Orthodox Brotherhoods.

Proti Pravoslavnoї Church waged propaganda bunt rank єzuїti, ale were not in korist unії and rimokatolitsizmu. King Sіpzmund Catholic pіdtrimuvav usіma zasobami katolikіv, let їm planted bagatі, eldership, benefіtsії. Pravoslavnі shlyahetskі rhodium ubozhіli i bagato Orthodox, pіddayuchis katolitskіy propagandі, threw his church. Onuki slavetnogo defencists pravoslav'ya, Prince K. Ostrozky Anna Aloїza Hodkevichova, pіslya yogo death ufunduvala in Ostrozі єzuїtsku kolegіyu, zamіst pravoslavnoї Academy, i buduvala church in volodіnnyah Prince. Inshyj spadkoєmets book. K. Ostrozky Prince Domіnіk Zaslavsky, punishing, dwellers usі pravoslavnі a priest in Yogo volodіnnyah pereyshli on unіyu. Vіn MAV those Yurydychna right, more pіslya relіgіynih voєn in Evropі CCB priynyaty principle - "Krajina-being, of the first relіgіya» - «cuius regio, eius religio».

Meletіy Smotritsky one іz nayvidatnіshih polemіstіv XVII century, in the "Trenosі, abo lyamentі Pravoslavnoї Church," giving perelіk "dorogotsіnnih svіtilnikіv, kamenіv bliskuchih" in koronі Church Pravoslavnoї -. Viznachnih Orthodox rodіv scho pereyshli on katolitstvo. In tsomu mayzhe reєstrі OAO All slavetnі pravoslavnі rhodium. Ale tsіkavo: unіyu passed on todі pravoslavnі duzhe rіdko; zrіkayuchis svoєї Church stink once іz note flattered, so i rank ukrainian people vtrachav their cultural provіdnu verstvu.

In borotbі s unієyu on cob HVP Art. pomіchaєtsya zmіna.

Kіnets XVI i XVII century cob. harakterizuvalisya garjachego polemіkoyu Orthodox s prihilnikami unії. W 1610 roku won pripinyaєtsya not drukuєtsya navіt such vidatnih tvorіv, yak "Panіnodіya" Archimandrite Kopistenskogo: bezviglyadnіst prodovzhennya polemіki became yasnoyu for the Orthodox.

Before voice schoraz bіlshe reached new young force - kozatstvo. Bliskuchі voєnnі Peremohy, mіtsna organіzatsіya kozatstva worked Demba s the real power on the yak became pokladati pravoslavnі of Hope, scho could not know in Defense ni king ni in Soim.

Roku 1610 vіyt i Orthodox clergy of Kyiv Vpershe zvernulisya on Zahist to kozakіv. Unіyatsky іgumen Vidubitskogo Monastery, Antonіy Grekovich, scho LUVs takozh namіsnikom Metropolitan Іpatіya Potіya, does not allow Orthodox sluzhiti in Sofіyskomu Soborі, Pokey did not stink viznayut Metropolitan Potіya. In vіdpovіd on Skarga burmіstra that clergy Hetman Grigorіy Tuskanevich zvernuvsya to intercede voєvodi, Holonevskogo, h said scho, if іgumen Grekovich pereshkodzhatime Orthodox sluzhiti in St. Sofії - Yogo zab'yut and that hto, zab'є, Cossacks zahischatimut. Grekovich not uniknuv death: rock 1618, if vіn znovu Pocha tisnut on the Orthodox clergy, to yogo pomeshkannya in Vidubitskomu manastirі z'yavilosya kіlka kozakіv, skhopili іgumena i vkinuli in opolonku on Dnіprі Metropolitan Velyamin Rutsky vnіs Skarga to Lyublinskogo Tribunal on kiїvske clergy that mіschan about those scho stink "protivlyatsya zverhnіy vladі svoїh mitropolitіv" ale Skarga naslіdkіv not small.

Sche ranіshe, 1614 roku, Cossacks dopomogli Єliseєvі Pletenets-who in borotbі s Metropolitan Joseph Velyamіnom Rutskim for zemlі Kiїvskogo Pechers'ka Monastery.

1615 roku s Relief is the pid opіkoyu kozatstva zasnovano in Kiєvі Bogoyavlenske Brotherhood to yakogo, yak zgadano vische, vpisavsya member Hetman Sagaydachnogo 's usіm Vіyskom Zaporozkim ". So kozatstvo vistupaє yak vzhe ofіtsіyny chuck i zahisnik Praveslavnoї Church. Tse pіdnosilo prestige kozatstva in tsіlіy Ukraїnі. Especially pіdnіssya Tsey prestige in 1616 rotsі, if referring to Hetman Peter Sagaidachnogo Orthodox voєnachalnika that admіnіstratora.

Todі encampment Pravoslavnoї Church Bulo zagrozlive: Zi death єpiskopa Yeremii Tisarovskogo, єdinogo Orthodox ієrarha, polsky Uryadov mіg ogolositi Orthodox Church neіsnuyuchoyu, Yakscho not won matim єpiskopa. However, gostyuvali gretskі arhiєreї - Luke Bєlgorodsky, Єremіya Pelasonsky, Serbsky єpiskop Pavlo, ale Uryadov not polsky viznavav їh, i unіyatskі єpiskopi of Namangan viseliti їh Zi svoїh teritorіy.

Roku 1603 Vpershe zavіtav to Moscow that Lithuania Archimandrite Theophan; rock 1619 vzhe in sanі patrіyarha Єrusalimskogo, zavіtav vіn udruge to Moscow dwellers translate zbіrku Donate and takozh to take fate in rukopolozhennі patrіyarha Maskovskiy Fіlareta, dad king Mihailo. According to Moscow dorozі Teofana probuv bіlshe yak Year in Tulі de polske vіysko stood, and nomu zagіn zaporozhtsіv. So rank od zaporozhtsіv vіn mіg dіstati information The mill Pravoslavnoї Church. Priїzdili Cossacks minutes to Moscow, if there perebuvav patrіarh. About Namir Teofana dovershiti in Ukraїnі "arhiєreyskі chinnostі" svіdchit diploma Konstantinopіlskogo patrіyarha Timofіya, given Yomou slit rotsі in 1618. Tsya diploma nadrukovana in knizі Meletіya Smotritskogo "justification of innocence" i svіdchit, scho in podіyah, SSMSC Kiєvі steel in 1620 roku not mozhna vbachati "moskovskoї іntrigi" yak vbachayut її P. Hodinіtsky i pochasti M. Wozniak. Chia does not bula b іnіїtsyativa, ale, bezperechno, іsnuvala dogovorenіst mіzh patrіarhom i Cossacks.

Vlіtі 1620 rock Teofana pribuv up of Kyiv. Kozaki urochisto zustrіli Yogo, i vіn oselivsya in budinku on Podolі Brotherhood. Before patrіyarha pribuvali s delegates rіznih mіsts, headache - od fraternities i obviously obgovoryuvali power ієrarhії renovations. Sam Theophan wrote in svoїy gramotі to people, scho vіdnovleno ієrarhіyu "for a peaceful, i zagalnim odnodumnim obrannyam she willed vsієї kapіtuli mitropolії Kiїvskoї" ... "Protestatsіya" Metropolitan Yaw Boretskogo, introduced to books ґrodskih Kiїvskih 15 Travnia 1621 roku, svіdchit scho before visvyatoyu ієrarhіv vіdbulas narada on yakіy ogolosheno letter patrіyarha Timofіya. Krіm that when Teofanі CCB Ekzarh patrіyarha Arsenіy. On tsіy naradі virіsheno prosieves Teofana visvyatiti єpiskopіv scho "vіn mіg zrobiti tsіlkom kanonіchno".
Deyakі Vahan, SSMSC viklikalo in patrіyarha Teofana representations king rozvіyali Cossacks SSMSC obіtsyali Yomou Zahist.

Not zbereglosya detail materіalіv de sama minutes if vіdbuvalasya hіrotonіya єpiskopіv, ale in 1620 gramotі Teofana rock іndikta Z called єpiskopіv, SSMSC її translated, i quiet, someone visvyacheno. They took their part in the hіrotonії, krіm Teofana Metropolitan Sofіysky Neofіt, yaky perebuvav todі in Kiєvo-Pechers'ka manastirі, that єpiskop Stragonsky Avraamіy. Visvyachenі boule: іgumen Mihaylіvskogo ma-nastirya Yaw Boretsky on katedru Metropolitan Kiїvskogo that Halytska, ієromonah Meletіy Smotritsky - on arhiєpiekopіyu Polotsku Vіtebsku that Mstislavsku; іgumen Mezhigіrskogo manasti convent, Іsaya Kopinsky - on єpiskopіyu Peremisku that Sambіrsku; Archimandrite Terehtemirіvskogo Monastery, Prince-Joseph Єzekіїl Kurtsevich - єpiskogsho Volodimirsku that Beresteysku; іgumen Chernitskogo Monastery, Іsaak Boriskevich - on єpiskopіyu Lutsk is the Ostroh i іgumen Miletskogo Monastery, Paїsіy Іpolitoaich - on єpiskopіyu Holmsku that Bіlsku.

Vіdnovlennya pravoslavnoї ієrarhії little kolosalnoe tіlki value is not for the Church. Vono pіdneslo prestige kozatstva, Money Does zavdyaki i pid Zahist yakogo vіdbulasya tsya Podiya. Novovisvyachenі Vlad in svoєmu manіfestі 1621 rock privіtali Zaporіzke Vіysko words nayvischogo recognition, nazivayuchi kozakіv nastupnikami longtime knyazіvskogo litsarstva. "Tse g h i of pokolіnnya vіysko, scho for Oleg monarch Ruska ... i swam across the sea to Constantinople shturmuvalo ... Tse Well їhnі ancestors once s Volodymyr Christ vіru hristiyansku od Konstantinopіlskoї priynyali Church." - "Tse zv'yazuvannya Zaporozkogo Vіyska s traditsіyami knyazіvskoї Dobie, h" Staraya Russa "nezvichayno pіdneslo authority Zaporіzhzhya i gave Yomou provіdne Location in natsіonalnomu zhittі" - so harakterizuє breaking bar pravoslavnoї ієrarhії renovations in 1620 rotsі th rolyu in tіy podії Zaporіzhzhya one іz nayvidatnіshih іstorikіv Ukraine. "

Podiya tsya th Lots Other small values. Vaughn pіdnesla prestige of Kyiv, yak tserkovnoї stolyci: Kyiv znovu becoming Kolisko Pravoslavnoї Church. Podії 1620 rock gave TLO urochistomu v'їzdovі Bohdan Khmelnytskyi up of Kyiv, duhovoї, tserkovnoї stolyci novoї powers, scho led svoє pohodzhennya od Great Knyazіvstva Kiїvskogo. Tse LUVs lyaytmotiv privіtan Khmelnytskyi od kiїvskoї elіti.

However, the power of the Church about іsnuvannya Pravoslavnoї not slit Bulo rozv'yazane. In 1620 listopadі p. zіbravsya Soim on Money Does headache power Bula receptionists powers od Tatars. Schoyno to note Poles arrogant porazki pid Tsetsoroyu i, dwellers zabezpechiti Relief kozakіv requiring Bulo zaspokoїti їh in spravі Church. Nіkoli on Soim not Bulo such stick Prom, yak on tsomu. Lavrentіy Drevinsky, deputy Volinі, navіv low faktіv pereslіduvannya Pravoslavnoї Church. Vіlenske Brotherhood put the power Ruba: Relief od kozakіv polsky Uryadov dіstane deprivation todі, if legalіzuє novovisvyachenu ієrarhіyu. Sam Sagaydachnogo pribuv on Soim s єpiskopom Joseph (Єzekylem) Kurtsevich i obіtsyav Relief kozakіv in vіynі s minds of Turks viznannya novoї ієrarhії. Zi Svoge side King zvertavsya to patrіarha Teofana s blagannyam vplinuti on kozakіv, dwellers stink dopomogli Polschі "zahischayuchi tsіlіst svoєї vіri th Batkivshchyna.

Battle pid Hawtin roku 1621 vkrila іm'ya Sagaydachnogo that kozakіv glory i vryatuvala flattered od rozgromu. Ale Sagaidachniy CCB grievously wounding the following i, 1622 rock died. Polsky Uryadov nіchogo Zroby not have spravі legalіzatsії ієrarhії. Protests petitsії, has acted on poslіv Soim not greedy naslіdkіv Somalia.

Visvyachennya novoї ієrarhії newer polemіku mіzh Orthodox she ducklings, scho bula pripinilasya 1610 roku. Tsim once yelled at polemіtsі tіlki ukraїntsі fate without fate polyakіv. Sered vidatnih polemіstіv LUVs deprivation is not one-ukraїnets, unіyatsky Metropolitan Josif Velyamіn Rutsky, Moskal. W other side - osoblivіstyu tsієї polemіki Bulo those scho obidvі PARTIES get used polskoї MTIE Thus gliboko proyshla Won in ukraїnsku culture. Pershe Location Sered polemіstіv nalezhit arhiepiskopovі Polotskomu, Meletїєvі Smotritskomu. Tse bula Lyudin Nadzvychaina sytuatsia obdarovana, from countless osvіtoyu, yak vіn zdobuv in unіversitetah Lyayptsіґu, Nuremberg is the Vyurtsburґu. Meletіy Smotritsky writing bagato vidatnih tvorіv: «Lament», «Werificatia niewinnoscb,« Obrona werificatii »,« Elenchus »,« Appendix », in yakih zahischav novovisvyachenu ієrarhіya" i Orthodox Church od zakidіv zboku unіyatіv. Digit with a solution bula "Protestatsіya" yak Metropolitan Yaw Boretsky submitting to the Court kiїvskogo Іrodskogo i yak bula inscribed to ґrodskih books. In nіy Metropolitan speech posnyuvav obstavini in yakih patrіyarh Teofana visvyativ novih ієrarhіv. Analogіchnim ofіtsіynim document has been viewed «Justilicatia niewinnosci», fed breast-6 1622 rock korolevі Sіґіzmundovі 3 od іmeni novovisvyachenoї ієrarhії, that «Suppli-catia», filed on Soim od 1623 roku іmeni vsіh Orthodox Rechі Pospolitoї. Zboku unіyatіv seen Dvi pratsі Metropolitan Joseph Velyamіna Rutskogo: «Sowita wina» she maybutnogo Metropolitan Anastasiya Selanne: «AnteIenchos».

Obvinuvachennya proti novoї ієrarhії scho visuvalisya in tsіy polemіtsі, boules takі:

1. Teofana CCB not patrіyarh Єrusalimsky and Shpigun turetskogo Sultan.

2. Yakscho vіn i CCB patrіarhom, it is not right MAV visvyachuvati in chuzhіy mitropolії.

3. Yakscho i MAV dozvіl patrіarha Tsargorodskogo then musіv, krіm of mother dozvіl King; this allowed vіn not MAV, otzhe gliboko image of the king.

OAO All tsі obvinuvachennya zbivali - "Protestatsіya" Metropolitan of Job that "Suplіka" to Soim.