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Mіzhnarodne ekonomіchne right - Dahno II

4.2 Іmunіtet powers for mіzhnarodnim right

Іmunіtet powers - tse principle mіzhnarodnogo law scho viplivaє іz ambush sovereign suverenіtetu. Іmunіtet viyavlyaєtsya powers to ensure scho s look around at rіvnіst usіh powers (i veletenskih for rozmіrami teritorії that chiselnіstyu population of dwarf i) Power Pevnyi not Mauger zdіysnyuvati Vlad stosovno іnshoї powers. When tsomu spratsovuє rule "rіvny not Got Vladi over rіvnim" ( "par in parem non habet imperium").

Іmunіtetom koristuyutsya іnozemna Power, її organic is the Main, scho nalezhit derzhavі. Mein іnozemnoї powers not Mauger pіddavatis overhangs primusovogo nature (nakladennyu areshtu toscho).

Teorіya i practice rozrіznyayut kіlka vidіv іmunіtetu powers: the courts; od poperednogo zabezpechennya will call; od primusovogo vikonannya rіshennya; Mainova (vlasnostі).

Vessels іmunіtet polyagaє in nepіdsudnostі powers without її Zgoda courts іnshoї powers. In tsomu razі keruyutsya rule "rіvny not Got yurisdiktsії over rіvnim" ( "par in parem non habet jurisdictionem"). Power is not Mauger Buti prityagnuta to court іnshoї powers yak vіdpovіdach, okrіm vipadkіv chіtko vislovlenoї powers with such a Zgoda. When tsomu not toil values ​​chinniki, spirayuchis to SSMSC Pevnyi Power hotіla b prityagti to Svoge court іnshu power.

Іmunіtet powers od poperednogo zabezpechennya summon polyagaє in fact scho am Main Power is not Mauger Buti subject zabezpechennya will call.

Іmunіtet powers od primusovogo vikonannya rіshennya oznachaє, without scho Zgoda powers not mozhna zdіysniti primusove vikonannya ship rіshennya, vinesenogo proti neї court treteyskim court іnshoї powers. Not mozhut vikonuvatisya primusovі have come in order zabezpechennya will call chi in order primusovogo vikonannya vzhe vinesenogo ship rіshennya stosovno, napriklad, Reigning morskih vessels, SSMSC navіt perebuvayut in teritorіalnih waters powers, yak b hotіla їh konfіskuvati.

Іmunіtetu principle powers in vіdbity vnutrіshnomu zakonodavstvі bіlshostі kraїn svitu.

Zastosuvannya principle іmunіtetu powers vvazhaєtsya zagalnoviznanim in suchasnіy mіzhnarodno-pravovіy praktitsі. Saying to Figuratively, s tim, dwellers buduvati mіst through rіchku, OOO All zgodnі. Prote yak yogo buduvati - uzdovzh rіchki across chi - rіznyatsya pillows. So i s іmunіtetom powers - vіdsutnya Yednist poglyadіv on rozumіnnya obsyagu an area zastosuvannya tsogo principle. At that doktrinі praktitsі rіznih legal systems Je Dvi osnovnі kontseptsії іmunіtetu powers - is the absolute іmunіtetu funktsіonalnogo (obmezhenogo).

Zgіdno s teorієyu absolute іmunіtetu Reigning іmunіtet bazuєtsya on іmperativnomu printsipі Suchasnyj mіzhnarodnogo publіchnogo right - suverennіy rіvnostі powers. Prihilniki tsієї kontseptsії keeps talking, scho power zavzhdi Je єdinim sub'єktom, Hoca її great-vosub'єktnіst Mauger viyavlyatis in rіznomu. Tom napriklad, yak sub'єkt mіzhnarodnogo private right power not vtrachaє vlastivostі sovereign (vladnoї individuals). Saying to Prostіshe, s tsієї point Zora Power odnochasno Mauger Buti at dvoh іpostasyah - nosіya Vladi that torgіvtsya.

Teorіya absolute іmunіtetu daє zmogu widely tlumachiti that zastosovuvati іmunіtet powers. Filed will call up іnozemnoї powers, i'll call zabezpechennya zvernennya styagnennya am Main powers shaping can Buti deprivation vchinenі todі, if Je Zgoda on those vіdpovіdnoї s side power.

The principle of the absolute powers іmunіtetu Winick slit in serednovіchchі. Power in the furrows tsogo principle E "sacred cows." Zaznacheny principle trivaly hour CCB mainly in mіzhnarodno-pravovіy teorії that praktitsі. Well Ninі colo powers, scho "mole svyaschennіy korovі" zvuzilosya.

Radyans'ka pravnichy mindset, yaky, zrozumіlo not znik іz rozpadom Union, the principle of absolute viznaє іmunіtetu. Pravosvіdomіst produkuє postulates: Power not perestaє Buti sovereign in ekonomіchnomu oborotі; Won not vіdmovlyaєtsya od Demba i yogo not pozbavlyaєtsya.

Main zmіst teorії funktsіonalnogo (obmezhenogo) іmunіtetu polyagaє in fact, scho power, yak dіyuchi sovereign, zavzhdi koristuєtsya іmunіtetom. Yakscho Well Power dіє yak is private person (napriklad, zdіysnyuє zovnіshnotorgovelnі operatsії she / chi zaymaєtsya іnshoyu komertsіynoyu dіyalnіstyu), then won іmunіtetom not koristuєtsya.

W look around to qiu teorіyu in rіznі Rocky Bulo priynyato law about іmunіtet powers in the United States (1976 p.), Velikobritanії (197B p.), Avstrії (1974 p.), Kanadі (19B1 p.), Pakistanі (19B1 p.) Sіngapurі (1979 p.). Vіdomo takozh, scho zasnovanі on the same principle of the law about іmunіtet, boule takozh priynyatі in Pіvdenno-Afrikanskіy Respublіtsі (19B1 p.) Is the Avstralії (19B1 p.). Otzhe, qiu problem Kraina svitu rozpochali vregulovuvati not so long ago.

Teorіya obmezhenogo іmunіtetu zastosovuєtsya in sudovіy praktitsі Gretsії, Danії, Іtalії, Norvegії, Fіnlyandії, Frantsії, Shveytsarії. On її ambushes bazuєtsya th Єvropeyska (Bazelska) konventsіya pro Reigning іmunіtet - European Convention on State Immunity (Dali - Konventsіya). Konventsіya Bula priynyata Travnia 1972 16 p., And dіє z 1976 r.

Yakscho porіvnyati Konventsіyu іz Law about US іmunіtet 1976 p., Then viyavitsya, scho in Konventsії just past dії not about deprivation komertsіynogo and second private-legal character zagalom. Nagolos in pitannі about neviznannya іmunіtetu placed on nayavnostі teritorіalnogo zv'yazku, neobhіdnogo for vstanovlennya yurisdiktsії tsієї powers.

Konventsіya rozmezhovuє publіchno-pravovі that privately-pravovі dії. Vaughn mіstit Price not specified on vipadok, if power is not koristuєtsya іmunіtetom. Zafіksovano takozh pravovіdnosini, if іmunіtet zberіgaєtsya powers.

Oskіlki tsya Konventsіya zalishaєtsya for vіtchiznyanogo chitacha malovіdomoyu, navedemo text quiet її articles scho stosuyutsya absolute that funktsіonalnogo іmunіtetu.

ROZDІL I. ІMUNІTET od YURISDIKTSІЇ

statte 1

1. POA Power, yak Yea pozivachem chi-thirds owes a special debt to the courts rozglyadі sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, viznaє schodo zastosovanogo ship rozglyadu yurisdiktsіyu sudіv tsієї powers.

2. Such a power does not Mauger POA posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії courts іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers stosovno zustrіchnogo'll get:

a) Yakscho Tsei zustrіchny Call viplivaє s Yurydychna vzaєmozv'yazku chi s faktіv on yakih bazuєtsya Basic Call;

b) if tsya power, Yakscho proti neї not Bulo zastosovano okremogo ship rozglyadu courts іnshoї powers not zmogla vіdpovіdno to position tsієї Konventsії posilatis on іmunіtet.

3. POA Power, yak in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers podaє zustrіchny Call, viznaє yurisdiktsіyu sudіv tsієї powers yak stosovno principal will call, so i'll call stosovno zustrіchnogo.

statte 2

POA Power not Mauger posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho Won took on itself zobov'yazannya viznati yurisdiktsіyu tsogo court vіdpovіdno:

a) to mіzhnarodnoї land;

b) clearly vislovlenogo provisions scho mіstitsya in domovlenostі, skladenіy in pismovіy formі, abo

c) clearly vislovlenoї Zgoda, scho bula given pіslya viniknennya dispute.

statte 3

1. POA Power not koristuєtsya іmunіtetom od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho Won posilaєtsya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії pіslya of acceptance rіshennya schodo sutі power. Ale Power Yakscho POA vstanovlyuє scho facts on yakih won could bazuvati іmunіtet, could become їy vіdomі deprivation pіznіshe, then won Mauger posilatisya on іmunіtet have to vipadku, Yakscho hover tsі Fakti yakomoga shvidshe.

2. POA Power rozglyadaєtsya not yak taka, scho vіdmovilasya od іmunіtetu, Yakscho have won vistupaє sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers for dwellers zrobiti posilannya on Tsey іmunіtet.

statte 4

1. Over the minds of the provisions dotrimannya stattі 5 POA Power not Mauger posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho vessels rozglyad pov'yazany іz zobov'yazannyam powers, yak s sake look around at nayavnu Got Booty vikonane on teritorії powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya rozglyad vessels.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not zastosovuєtsya:

a) just past Yakscho about sake, yak bula way mіzh powers;

b) the Parties to please Yakscho brownies about tse;

c) Power Yakscho Yea the side of land, on ukladenoї її teritorії, i zobov'yazannya powers regulyuyutsya її admіnіstrativnim right.

statte 5

1. Power is not Mauger POA posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, if vessels rozglyad pov'yazany s lands of labor, ukladenoyu mіzh powers i fіzichnoyu special, i robot nalezhit to vikonannya on teritorії powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya rozglyad vessels.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not zastosovuєtsya:

a) Yakscho fіzichna person at the time of summon filed Got gromadyanstvo Powers robotodavtsya;

b) at the time Yakscho ukladennya please the person is not small gromadyanstva powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya rozglyad vessels, and takozh not small zvichaynogo Georeferencing perebuvannya on teritorії tsієї powers, abo

c) third-party lands pismovo Yakscho brownies Lots Other pro for vinyatkom quiet vipadkіv, if vіdpovіdno to zakonіv powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, deprivation judge tsієї powers kompetentnі rozglyadati tse power.

3. Yakscho robot vikonuєtsya for mortgage agency chi іnshoї organіzatsії, zgadanoї in stattі 7, the provisions pіdpunktіv a) that b) paragraph 2 tsієї stattі zastosovuyutsya deprivation todі, if lady s yakoyu Bulo way to please Taku, small zvichayne Location perebuvannya on teritorії powers -robotodavtsya at the time ukladennya land.

statte 6

1. Power is not Mauger POA posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho Won bere s fate odnієyu chi kіlkoma fіzichnimi personages have tovaristvі, asotsіatsії chi in yuridichnіy osobі scho toil real chi ofіtsіyne mіstseznahodzhennya abo bunt mortgage on teritorії powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, i Yakscho vessels rozglyad pov'yazany s vіdnosinami mіzh powers, s one side, i chi organіzatsієyu s її one participant - s іnshogo scho viplivayut s tsієї uchastі.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not zastosovuєtsya, Yakscho pismovo Bulo dosyagnuto domovlenіst about Lots Other.

statte 7

1. Power is not Mauger POA posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Won Got Yakscho on teritorії powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, Office Agency abo Inshyj mortgage through SSMSC Won zdіysnyuє in Taqiy samy sposіb, yak i is private person, Promyslova, komertsіynu abo fіnansovu dіyalnіst, i Yakscho vessels rozglyad stosuєtsya takoї dіyalnostі bureau, agencies chi mortgage.

2. Paragraph 2 is not zastosovuєtsya, Yakscho OAO All parties to the dispute Yea i powers pismovo houses Lots Other pro.

statte 8

1. Power is not Mauger POA posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho vessels rozglyad stosuєtsya:

a) patents for vinahіd Promyslova zrazka, promislovoї modelі, virobnichogo abo trademark fіrmovogo naymenuvannya abo іnshogo analogіchnogo rights stosovno yakogo in derzhavі de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, Bulo filed abo zareєstrovano application chi yak ohoronyaєtsya in Inshyj sposіb i stosovno yakogo Power Je zayavnikom abo vlasnikom;

b) nedotrimannya powers in derzhavі de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, zgadanogo right, yak i in nіy ohoronyaєtsya nalezhit tretіy osobі;

c) powers in nedotrimannya derzhavі de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, avtorskogo right, yak i in nіy ohoronyaєtsya nalezhit tretіy osobі;

g) the right vikoristovuvati titles fіrmi in derzhavі de vіdbuvaєtsya rozglyad vessels.

statte 9

1. Power is not Mauger POA posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho vessels rozglyad stosuєtsya: a) the right powers to neruhomіst on volodіnnya i koristuvannya with such a neruhomіstyu Powers abo

b) zobov'yazannya scho pokladaєtsya on neї abo yak on vlasnika rights neruhomіst, Abo yak on vlasnika chi koristuvacha takoї neruhomostі i Yakscho neruhomіst roztashovuєtsya on teritorії powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya rozglyad vessels.

statte 10

POA Power not Mauger posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho vessels rozglyad stosuєtsya right on Main, Rukh chi neruhome, yak deposits od rights uspadkuvannya chi daruvannya, abo on bezgospodarne Main.

statte 11

POA Power not Mauger posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho vessels rozglyad stosuєtsya vіdshkoduvannya for tіlesne ushkodzhennya chi materіalnu Skoda, sprichinenі fact scho MAV Location on teritorії powers, de vіdbuvaєtsya vessels rozglyad, i Yakscho person, yak zapodіyala Skoda, perebuvala there at the moment, if Tsei fact MAV Location.

statte 12

1. Power Yakscho POA pismovo weather to send out to the arbіtrazhu disputes SSMSC vzhe vinikli, abo disputes, scho shaping can abo viniknuti s tsivіlnih komertsіynih power, power tsya not Mauger posilatisya on іmunіtet od yurisdiktsії courts іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers on teritorії abo vіdpovіdno to zakonodavstva yakoї vіdbuvatimetsya chi vіdbuvavsya arbіtrazhny rozglyad whether yakih Act reasonably, pov'yazanih:

a) s Yurydychna dієyu chi tlumachennyam Konventsії about arbіtrazh;

b) s PROCEDURE arbіtrazhu;

c) s vіdmіnoyu viroku, Yakscho Konventsіya about arbіtrazh not peredbachaє іnshogo.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not zastosovuєtsya to Konventsії about arbіtrazh, ukladenoї mіzh powers.

statte 13

Paragraph 1 stattі 1 not zastosovuєtsya, Yakscho POA Power zayavlyaє in sudі іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, scho provadzhuє vessels rozglyad have Money Does Won not Je hand, scho Got right on Main, yak Yea subject of dispute tієyu mіroyu, yakoyu Won could b posilatisya on іmunіtet , yakbi rozglyad vіdbuvavsya proti neї.

statte 14

Zhodne PROVISIONS tsієї Konventsії tlumachitis not Mauger yak Takeo, scho pereshkodzhaє court Dogovіrnoї powers keruvati Main, this chi yak opіchne bankruta and takozh organіzovuvati TAKE keruvannya chi perspicuity him lishe s look around to those scho іnsha POA Power Got right to TAKE Main.

statte 15

POA Power koristuєtsya іmunіtetom od yurisdiktsії courts іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers, Yakscho vessels rozglyad not pіdpadaє pid stattі 1 - 14; the court did not Mauger provadzhuvati Taqiy vessels rozglyad navіt todі, if not z'yavilisya predstavniki powers to the court.

Rozglyaduvana Konventsіya mіstit takozh INSHI vazhlivі position. Napriklad Art. 23 peredbachaє, scho on teritorії Dogovіrnoї powers not Mauger zdіysnyuvatisya primusove vikonannya ship rіshennya chi ohoronnі come in schodo Lane іnshoї Dogovіrnoї Power on vinyatkom vipadkіv, if vіdpovіdna power given to tse chіtko vislovlenu pismovu Zgoda.

In Art. 26 Konventsії zafіksovano, scho judge Dogovіrnih powers not toil right rozglyadati dії powers SSMSC stink when seized of zdіysnennі svoєї publіchnoї Vladi (acta jure imperii). Vіdpovіdno to the station. 28 avtonomnі odinitsі scho incoming to warehouse federativnoї powers not koristuyutsya іmunіtetom. Ale Power Hoca Yakscho Federated to svoїh sub'єktіv mother Taqiy іmunіtet then Konventsіya peredbachaє mehanіzm yogo nadannya.

Statte 29 vstanovleno, scho tsya Konventsіya not zastosovuєtsya to vessels rozglyadіv h power:

a) sotsіalnogo zabezpechennya;

b) zapodіyannya Skoda in sferі yadernoї power industry;

c) opodatkuvannya, nakladannya shtrafіv, Mitnija zborіv that podatkіv. Zgіdno Zi Art. 30 Konventsіya not zastosovuєtsya to vessels rozglyadіv,

pretenzіy in zv'yazku s ekspluatatsієyu morskih ships scho nalezhat derzhavі-uchasnitsі Konventsії that ekspluatuyutsya her, and have takozh s zv'yazku transported vantazhіv chi chi pasazhirіv tsimi by vessels from zv'yazku s transported vantazhіv scho nalezhat derzhavі, komertsіynimi vessel.

In Art. 31 zafіksovano scho Konventsіya viznaє іmunіteti i privіleї Dogovіrnoї powers, scho stosuyutsya whether yakoї dії chi uhilennya Act reasonably od s side її zbroynih forces chi in zv'yazku s them Yakscho tsі Sealy roztashovanі on teritorії іnshoї Dogovіrnoї powers. Statte 32 bere to uwagi іmunіtet diplomatically.

Konventsіya not dopuskaє zhodnih zasterezhen s side її Powers uchasnits. Statte 4 Dodatkovogo protocol to Konventsії peredbachaє zasnuvannya Єvropeyskogo court s power іmunіtetu powers. Dodatkovy protocol does not dopuskaє takozh zhodnih zasterezhen. Tsei Bulo way protocol odnochasno s Konventsієyu.

S front fee mіzhnarodnogo UN rights (YUNSІTRAL) in 1991 p. skhvalila draft articles on yurisdiktsіynі іmunіteti powers that їh vlasnostі and takozh rekomenduvala UN sklikati mіzhnarodnu konferentsіyu of acceptance for vіdpovіdnogo mіzhnarodno legal instrument.

Pokey scho vіdsutnya іnformatsіya of acceptance about unіversalnoї mіzhnarodnoї konventsії s tsogo supply. Suttєvu role in tsіy sferі prodovzhuє vіdіgravati vessels practice okremih svitu powers.