Groshi that loan - Savluk M.I.

ROZDIL 7. THE CILK OF THE THEORY OF GRAPS AND THE SILENT MONETHRASE

7.1. КЛАСИЧНА КІЛЬКІСНА THEORY GORGE

Загальні методилогічні основи кількісної теорії.

At svyotovy ekonomichnyi nauchny chitko vidilyayutsya two piдходи до вивчення теоретичних проблемы грошей. The foremen of one of them joke on the food, they are affected by the internal nature of the pennies: that is, the grotesque; To whom the stink of that secret from the susinity; Yak stinks rozvivayutsya і chomu nabyvali tієї chi іnshoї form; At chomu Polagayos i yak formetsja vartit groshe tochscho. For the sake of the strains in the theory of grotesies, the predominance of respect is most evident until the inner aspects of the phenomenon of the penniless and the under-recognition of the invasive aspects, which are manifested in a pile of pennies on economical processes. Tse pіdhіd shodo vivchennya nature pennies can be called an abstract theory of pennies. Naybіlsh in response to the manifestations of such an admission і nomіnalistichna teorii, metalisticheskoe teorii, derzhavnna teorii, funktsionalna teorii, marksistskaya teorii ta іn.

Representatives of the other directly prisayayut grooshi such, yakimi stinks і, і, do not zaglilyuyuchiysya doslіdzhennya їхньої nature, шукають відповіді на питання, що ре'яъні з місцем і роллю groosh у виідтворювальным процесі: Groshi - it's a simple veil on the real economical part of the active element Chinnik, scho vplyvaє on її rozvitok і structurі zmіni; With its own manifestations, pouring into the real economy and on the Internet; Which is specifically mehanizm vplyivu penny factor on the real economy (transfer mehanizm); Chi mozhe power vikoristati tsey mehanizm y its ekonomichnyi politsitsi i yak sam; As though she was a woman at the zv'yazku zi zim groshno-kreditna polichika v kraїnі ta іn. Tse pidhid in the scientific analisis penny-wise problems can be called applied gherosi theory. In the case of foreign literature, it is unaccountably called a monetarist theory.

Dozhit chitko held rozmezhuvannya mizh abstract theory and monetarist theory of grotesque in the fundamental pravtsya E. Dolan, K. Campbell and R. Campbell "Groshy, bank right on the right of that penny-and-credit policy", in a abstract analysis of the nature of pennies, the first rozdil is attached, and applied analysis - 14-19 births in part IV, the name is "Monetarist model: theory and practice". Тобто ці two підходи розірвані значним обсягом книги та істотно різнятьсяся обсягами викладу.

The very day of the monetarist theory authored the yak of the economic development, in which one was "pouring in pittance that penny-a-penny-credit policy for the economy in the capital".

Monetarist's theory does not mean that the key is in the science of the Duma, about the grotesque of the grotesque admission, but on the note on the success of the economy of the economy. Zhodne z naukovyh chi navchalnih vidan XX century. Z ekonomichnoy teorii, makroekonomiki-ki tochno not oblyoshelas without analizu vplyu on ekonomiku groshnikh factoriv - popitu ta proposition of pennies, percent, financial rinku tin. Vona takozh stvoiuyu naukovu that methodological basis of the penniless and credit polity of the powers in zakvinutimi rinkovymi ekonomiki. Сьогодні жоднний уряд західних країн не розпочне реалізацію своєї економічної політики, leaving not to be seen, on some monetarist recommendations in the budi її buduvati.

The monetarist theory is not just univocally monolithic, but mia kilka naprymіv, kozhny z yakih rozglyadyaetsya yak okrema teorii. Naybіlsh відомим, ключовим прямо монетаристської теорії і кількісна теорія, яка, у черже, засло від етапів її rozvitku podіlyaetsya na klasicnu kіlkіsnu teoriiu, neoklasicnu kіlkіsnu teoriiu ta hournach monetarizm. One part time with the neoclassical straining of the kelkisnoi teoriyi grosz yak ії in a wholly self-explanatory manner was articulated the sponge of Keynesian, and the Poti і neokeynesian concept of monetarist theory.

In the literature, the concept of groschen neridko protistavlyayut neoclassical kіlkіsnіy teorії і rozglyadayut їh yak dvі alternativnі teorії. Проте обидві вони мають єдину методилогічну база - Applied Theory Of Thunder, Що більше їх зближує, ніж роз'єднує. Zavdyaki їх зближенню на сучасному етапі формується третій напрям монетаристської теорії, що дістав name the Keynesian-neoclassic synthesis.

Klassichna kilkisna theory of pennies was formulated in the 16th-17th centuries. І served as a methodological basis for the development of the monetarist policy, including those in the field. The basic principles (postulates) of the lingering of the bagatonic novelty of the economical dusk of the Lisha recognized the deeds of refinement, dopovnen, poglibleny, and become enmeshed in its own ungodly. Peppers are easy to see and in nasosladnishih suhsadnih monetaristskikh concepts, sho dye pidstavi stverdzhuvati, scho dychasna Monetaristskoe teorii na sutі svoyї і kіlkіsnіyu.

I called the name of the theory, that the founders explained in a pile of pennies on economical processes with a viciously bitter chintnik, nasampered by the mass of pennies in circulation. Viznachalnoyu znakoyu kіlkіsnoї teorії є poslozhnya about those, voc vartit groshei i rіven tsennyh tsin viznachayutsya zmіami kіlosti groshe: chim bolshego їh v revolyutsi, tim tsіni vishi, and vartit groshea pitycha, i navpaki. Vlivayvachi on the goods and services, the amount of money in the ies and in all the economic processes: the growth of the nominal GDP, the national income, the plateau of the popu ta ін.

Kilkisna the theory of pennies was born in the 16th century. At the time, the hour in the capital has been accelerated by the growth of the zagorodnyi rivnya tsin, in particular in the economy of Ukraine, the revolution of the world, the consolidation of the anchor in the middle of the river for 1500-1500 rbl. Зріс approximately 3-5 times. Vinikla neobhіdnіst z'yasuvati cause to deliver a trivorous hideout. Naybilsh evident, such, scho lie on the surface, the cause was seen pomitne zbilshennia priplivu in Europe and the United States of America in the face of the continent in the XVI century. Tse boolo chi is not more important than the masovo pidstverdzhennya of that, poo vartit pennies, and ozhe d goods, to lie in the back of the kiln in circulation. In the course of the action of the government, the proverbial grotesques - gold and silver, but veered to the cross for a widely-recognized position about those who pester themselves into the turnover of the internal, zazdalegd molded vartistyu.

The first, hto sushinuv ідею про залежність рівня цін від кількості благородних металів, був французький економіст Ж. Боден. In his treatise "Vidpovid on the paradox of de Malstrua" vin dyshov visnovku, vio vichok tsini hoch i zumovlyayutsya bagatma reasons, protivopodemyu sredn them - zbilshennya kilkosty gold i srіbl. Інші економісти XVI-XVII cent. (B. Davanzatti, J. Montartini, D. Locke), J. Boden's deconstruction of the law, post-converted the її in straightforward and mechanical variants of the kolichenko theory, interchanging the two terms with the following postulates: the reason for the death of the mother of the penny in circulation, and Міра зростання цін визначається мірою зростання маси грошей.

Važlivy vnesok u kilkіsnu teoriiu zrobiv Anglijskij ekonomist J. Locke. Він вважать, що вирішальним чинником, який регулює і визначає ватість грошей (у даному разі золото и срібла), є їх кількість. The treasure trousers of J. Locke, the buccaneer of vicarities, were ideologists of the promiscuous bourgeoisie, but began to grow, in order to criticize mercantilism. The stubborn people protested the rest of the strongholds, but the pile of gold and gold can not be made into a national bagata, but the result of such a pile-up is the cost of precious metals and commodities. On їхню думку, справжнє батаство нації по'язане not with the dead stocks of gold and silver, but in the factories of manufactories, the vicarities they have for their lives. Vidtak ідеї кількісної теорії fostered the origin of mercantilism, the metalistic concept of a penny, the gold for that, and for its nature, it was a pittance.

At perіод ставлення капіталістичних відносин basic ідеї кількісної теорії найчіткіше формулюва та погглибив англійський економіст Д.Юм. Do narisi "About groshni" (1752) vinu sushunuv і obruktuvav principle, which in the everyday lititeraturi nazivaetsya "postulate one-ordnosti": podvoyennya kіlkosty pennies przvo-

To live up to the stock of the absolute rivnya vsіh tsіn, virazhenyh at the pennies, ale do not зачіпає відносних мінових співвідношень окремих товарів. By his "postulate of one nature" D. Hume giving posthtykh to formulating the concept of "neutrality of the groschen" in the economy of economy and the exotic, imposed on the character of the estate of the grocery masi in the region, before entering the arsenal of day-to-day coins-ristskoe teorii vzagali.

Its doslikdzhennyam kіlkіsnoї teorії D. Yum zrobiv important vnesok takozh rozvitok naukovoy uyavlennya about vartit groshe. Він всунув і обґрунтував ідею about predovavnitsky character vartosty gros, згідно з якою:

* Groshi to enter into the world without power, and nabuvayut її in obogu vnasledok ob obminu pevnoї masi groschen na pevnu masu productov;

* It is molded into the world of groschen viznachaatsya vartitistyu productov, sho realizovany, су suto umovnoyu, and the value of її to deposit in the amount of money to the obu: chim vona bilsha, tim mensha masa merchandise vartostі budey to fall one penny odinitsu.

Then D. Hume, on the day, after joining the nominalist theory of pennies, nadav їй більшої реальності, chim zmіtniv teorichichnu base podalshogo rozvitku kіlkіsnoї teorії. Adj ecclesiastical representatives of all the strains of the theory in his own penniless mechannism to wander from the nominal vartage pennies at the posavnitskih ambushes.

The role of the key factor in the yoga classic traction was recognized not by the representatives of the nominalistic theory, but by those who stayed with them, they stood on the positions of the labor theory. Zokrema, classics of the political economy A. Smіt and D. Rіkardo, yakі hammered the basis of the labor theory of varosty and zrobili znachniy vnesok in obryuntuvannya obektivnoy, commodity nature of the penny, at the same time, yak і poslіdnovny kіlkіsnik D. Hume, billed in pennies more than a technical Of the mediator in the goods, of the goods, of the goods, of the goods, of the goods, of the goods, of the goods, of the goods. To that point, logically, the stinks did not sink in the postulate of the fictional theory of pennies.

So, D. Ricardo stverdzhuvav, scho yakbi in be-yakіy із kraїn bolo vіdkrite zolot rovodische, then її zagobi obіgu zinilisli b at his vartosty. Tse vidbulosya b through those, in the turnover, the credit for the cost of expensive metal. Yakbi zamist vidkritya gorodovscha zoloto v krayni buv vosnovyh bank, podibny Anglijskomu, then the release of his great banknotes of banknotes calling bi to the very same result, but vidkritya of the golden birthplace. З позицій кількісної теїії D. Rіkardo explaining і himself mechanism tsіnotvorennya: in turni Masa commodity ів simply sticking in a masak groschen, vasledok chogo vstanovlyayutsya tsini. Yaksho in obiig nadishelo groshe bil'shee, then tsіni budet vishimi, yakshcho menshe - lower.

Pevnu role kіlkіsnyi factor відігравав і в теорії грошин К. Маркса. Він unequivocally recognizing the deposits of commodity prices in the amount of pennies in the case of uncollectible pennies pennies. Scho stosuesyatsya povnotsinnnyh groschen, then K. Marx vvazhal, scho in kotorі їh mozhe buti more than singing, ob'ektivno zimovana kilkist. Yaksho in turn, zayavlyayutsya zavivi grosi, then stink automatically viluchayutsya in scorpions, and yakshcho vinikaє deficit of a penny, then masya її поповнюється for rahunok skarbіv, and ціни заслашаються незмінними.

Viznannya "neutrality of the groschen" and that of the factor of the klikkisnogo factor created stitches on the shlyakh rozvitku kilkisnoї teorії, і вона до кінця XIX ст. "Circled" in Kolya's own class postulates:

* Causality, згідно з яким зміна цін визначається зміною кількості грошей;

* Proportionality, up to a certain point, to vary proportionally to the amount of money in the envelope;

* Odnoridnosti, for yakim u raz zmіni kіlosty pennies in takіy itself proportionality zmіniyutsya tsіni na vsya com, and spіvvіdishennya tsіn on okremі com pomoshatsya nezminnim.

Vidstoyuyuchi tsі postulate, the representatives of the kilkisnoї teorії trivaly hour (up to the end of the XX century) did not pretend to enter the glybin mekhanizmu vzplivu groshe na tsini, and through them - to the economics vzagali. Wongs simply declare the fact that they are richer than others, they do not prick up money, they do not bother with the mechanics of the process, and are lulled at the vulgar lot of the mechanic call of commodity goods and grocery mashi. Pitannya about the transfer mehanizm vpeltu groshe on ekonomiku shche not put vzagali. Ala yakbi vono boole staged, then on the basis of the accumulation of knowledge yogo yozhno buno b viraziti lishe verkhovoyu zalizhnistyu:

Mal. 48

Залежність рівня ринкових грошей від суми грошей

De M - soup groschen, and P - riven rinkovih tsin.

Otzhe, pouring a penny on the economy, interchanging with the sphere of exchange (zminoyu tsin), but about bilsh glyboke yogo penetrated into the real economy, the pittance was not put.

Pevnyi zastіy at rozvitku kіlkіsіnії teorії in the course of the other half of the XVIII-XIX century. Provoked the breakthrough of the basic principle.

Tsiomu fought the same way as the active processes, which were invested in the grotesque sphere: the zoning of gold for a penniless commodity, the transition to gold monometalism, the strengthening of a withering capitalistic rink to the stability of a pittance. Рішучу пробу простувати кількісну теорію грошо зробив a representative of the "bankівської школи" in England Т. Т. Тук. Vіn recognizing the bagatofaktorny nature tsinotvorennya, ale ponnychyu zapechuvav zaliznnost tsіn vіd kіlkosty pennies. Навпаки, він вважать, що сума засобів обігу залить від рівня цін, тобто зміна цін є vichnachalnym chinnikom vіdnosno zmіni masi groshe. Prote T. Tuk admitting such a methodological pardon itself, but the representatives of the classic kіlkіsіnії теорії - having established the identity of the people in the country and the mass of the pennies, without having exposed the mechanics of this call. More than that, having put on the face of the mass of the world, you have given your attention to the mechanism of piling a pittance on economic processes. In the same way, the position of criticism was criticized by the theory and principles of the Marxist economical theory.

Naividomishim pribіchnikom and захисником класичної кількісної теорії already in the XX century. Buv american economist І. Фішер. Він повністю сприйняв класичні постіти цієї теорії і trying to mathematically bring fairness. At its robot "Kupivelna force of pennies" vin zaponpovuvav formula "rivnyannya obmina":

Mal. 49

Рівняння обміну Фішера

De M - the number of pennies in circulation;

V- shvidkіst обігу of groshe for певний період;

Р - the middle рівень цін;

Q - a phisical osiag of goods and services, a real one for a trade.

Justness of the word is not in anybody, it is a sum of money, it is necessary to base on the goods and services, in the yoke of a penny the payment of the contract for the sale of grocery goods sold to the seller. And in the subtraction of transactions for the first period of a penny component (M * V), you will see the commodity component (P * Q).

The imposed formulation of the viplica, scho

The formula of the middle рівня цін

, Тобто середній рівень цін viznachaetsya трома factors: масой (кількістю) groshen, швидкістю їх обігу та фізичнним обсягом виробленого продукту. Prote himself I. The filter of such a visor is not its form. Navpaks, vіn vіcoristav tse рівняння, пoбo довести, що рівень цін guilty підвищуватися пoдi падати зліни зміни кількості грош, якщо водночас не змінюваметься швидкість іхнього обігу або кількість відповідних benefits, тобто для посилення залежності цін від кількості groschen. Проте він не міг обмежитися пропром припущенням незмінності двох інших факторів, оскільки вони насправді змінються. Tomu I. Fisher to bring, sho shvidkіst obіgu groshem zmіnyuetsya directly proportional їх masі і tom tіlki посилює кількісний фактор. Що стосується обсягів виробництва та товарообороту, він ввжав, що вони змінються дуже повільно. Tom vіd їх vlistu on tsіni mozhna abstract, especially on trivalih period.

Otzhe, I. Фішер поністю зашисься на позиціях класичної кількісної теорії і justly imbued with one із of nayortodok-salnyіhih її imagined.