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Іnvestuvannya - Peresada AA

6.2. Vikonannya budіvelno and assembly robіt

Kapіtalne budіvnitstvo, yak already zaznachalosya, Mauger i zdіysnyuvatis pіdryadnim gospodarskim ways.

Pіdryadny sposіb - tse organіzatsіyna FORMS OF budіvnitstva samostіynimi budіvelno and assembly organіzatsіyami on pіdstavі dogovorіv pіdryadu s pіdpriєmstvami that organіzatsіyami-zamovnikami. When pіdryadnomu sposobі in budіvnitstvі ob'єktіv take fate Dvi yuridichnі hand - zamovnik i pіdryadnik. Zamovnikami mozhut vistupati pіdpriєmstva, organіzatsії, mіstsevі organic Vladi, kolgospi, okremі gromadyani. Pіdryadniki - tse budіvelno-montazhnі organіzatsії.

Gospodarsky sposіb - tse organіzatsіyna form of yakoї ob'єkti buduyutsya bezposeredno pіdpriєmstvami abo organіzatsіyami-zabudovnikami without zaluchennya pіdryadnih organіzatsіy. When tsomu funktsії zamovnika i pіdryadnika ob'єdnanі in odnіy yuridichnіy osobі zabudovnika, yaky Je rozporyadnikom koshtіv scho vidіlyayutsya on budіvnitstvo, operational keruyuchim i vikonavtsem budіvnitstva ob'єkta.

Protyagom trivalogo hour pіdryadnim way vikonuvalosya priblizno 90% vsogo obsyagu budіvelno and assembly robіt. For Suchasnyj minds Tsey pokaznik descho zmіnyuєtsya, ale in Neznachny dіapazonі. Nezvazhayuchi on ekonomіchnі trudnoschі, in 1999 the. sposterіgalasya tendentsіya graft obsyagіv pіdryadnih robіt. So, obsyagi іnvestitsіy in budіvnitstvo zrosli porіvnyano h, 1998. 2.9%. Main Jerel іnvestitsіy zalishayutsya vlasnі Costa of companies that organіzatsіy (70% od zagalnogo obsyagu vkladen). For rakhunok Sovereign budget koshtіv osvoєno Ponad 1.1 billion UAH. kapіtalovkladen, abo 7.5% osvoєnih koshtіv.

Іz zagalnoї sumi іnvestitsіy in kapіtalne budіvnitstvo (14,8 bln.) On budіvelno-montazhnі robots spryamovano 49% osvoєnih vkladen on pridbannya machines obladnannya that ustatkuvannya -. 44.1% (1998 54.4% p vіdpovіdno that 36 ,1 %). Bіlshіst іnvestitsіy in major kapіtal zdіysneno Reigning pіdpriєmstvami that organіzatsіyami - 49% usіh vkladen, pіdpriєmstvami kolektivnoї FORMS vlasnostі - 42%. In zv'yazku Zi skorochennyam obsyagіv zhitlovogo budіvnitstva zmenshilos 12.7% virobnitstvo panels that іnshih konstruktsіy for velikopanelnogo domobuduvannya.

Zalishaєtsya nevirіshenoyu problem repayment Borg zamovnikіv before pіdryadnimi organіzatsіyami for Realized works, yaky becoming blizko 25% zagalnogo obsyagu budіvelno and assembly robіt.

Through vіdsutnіst koshtіv in mіstsevih budgets budіvnitstvo ob'єktіv sotsіalnoї spherical vikonano not povnіstyu. So, put into ekspluatatsіyu lіkaren 89%, 74.9% serednіh zakladіv osvіti, 83.7% doshkіlnih zakladіv. Tse takozh stosuєtsya ob'єktіv communal priznachennya, bіlshіst s yakih Nabeul mayzhe Povny znoshennya.

Bіlshu Chastain (54.1%) zagalnoї ploschі zhilih budinkіv introduced zabudovnikami privatnoї FORMS vlasnostі, 24.8% - 20.8% kolektivnoї that - derzhavnoї FORMS vlasnostі.

Vіdsutnіst neobhіdnih machines tehnologіchno obumovlenih tiporozmіrіv strimuyut formuvannya kompleksnoї mehanіzatsії budіvnitstva. So, in a car park a little unіversalnih budіvelnih machines on bazі Promyslova traktorіv, Perche for all pneumatic tires SSMSC osnaschenі zmіnnim obladnannyam rіznogo tehnologіchnogo priznachennya.

table 6.1

POKAZNIKI robots BUDІVELNOGO UKRAINY COMPLEX IN 1998 p.

In ryadі vipadkіv kіlkіsny that yakіsny warehouse machine park not Povny mіroyu vіdpovіdaє obsyagam i strukturі robіt, SSMSC vikonuyutsya. Through nedostatnyu Quantity avtobetonozmіshuvachіv mainly obsyag tovarnoї betonnoї sumіshі carried on avtosamo- skid zagalnogo priznachennya scho generally produces up vitrat i pogіrshennya of Quality betonnoї sumіshі. Vіdsutnіst zmіnnogo obladnannya i neobhіdnoї kіlkostі unіversalnih mobіlnih navantazhuvachіv zumovlyuє znachnі vitrati ruchnoї pratsі on vantazhno-rozvantazhuvalnih i maloobsyagovih robots. Budіvelnі organіzatsії nedostatno osnaschenі dopomіzhnimi machines zasobami maloї mehanіzatsії i mehanіzovanim іnstrumentom.

Priskorennya tehnіchnogo Progreso in budіvnitstvі pid vplivom zasobіv mehanіzatsії pov'yazano in Cherga Perche, s neobhіdnіstyu maksimalnoї realіzatsії їh nomіnalnogo tehnіko-ekonomіchnogo potentsіalu. When tsomu obov'yazkovimi minds Je zabezpechennya pіdvischennya tehnіchnogo rіvnya budіvelnih machines that optimal organіzatsіya їh ekspluatatsії. Virіshennya Tsikh minds for zavdan mozhlive postіynogo do updates in the park budіvelnih machines.

Analіz vіdtvornoї structure of the main virobnichih fondіv budіvelnogo priznachennya pіdryadnih organіzatsіy Ukraine pokazuє scho factual stupіn vibuttya mainly fondіv serednomu stood at 2.7-3.1% vs 5,8-6,2% in the regulations. Stupіn do updates in the main fondіv zmenshivsya to 1.8%. Vnaslіdok tsogo stupіn instal lment mainly fondіv (rozrahovany for residual vartіstyu) stands on the cob, 1998. 54.1% (1997 p -. 51.6%).

Nizkі Tempi do updates tehnіki prizveli nakopichuvannya up in the car park velikoї kіlkostі machines Zi line service, scho perevischuє amortizatsії lines. Vіdsutnє tehnіki writedowns on instal lment i nepridatnіst velikoї kіlkostі machines SSMSC vіdsluzhili svіy normative lines.

Through obmezhenіst front budіvelnih robіt nayavny virobnichy potentsіal budіvelnogo complex vikoristovuєtsya not Povny mіroyu. Trivalіst robots budіvelnih machines on Dobou becoming 7,7-8,4 year koefіtsієnt vikoristannya -. 0,42-0,44.

Repair facility not zabezpechuє in neobhіdnomu obsyazі that vіdpovіdnoї of Quality vikonannya kapіtalnih remontіv budіvelnih machines s gіdravlіchnim ustatkuvannyam. Іsnuyucha trammel bases mehanіzatsії vikonuє tehnіchne obslugovuvannya that ekspluatatsіynі repair 65-70% od required. Promislovіstyu to tsogo hour not nalagodzheno Key infrastructure peresuvnih zasobіv repair obslugovuvannya minutes. Koefіtsієnt tehnіchnoї gotovnostі fleet becoming 0,71-0,79. Prostoї budіvelnoї tehnіki in remontі i tehnіchnomu obslugovuvannі stanovlyat 11-15% i perevischuyut normativnі in 1.2-1.6 times, pіdvischuyuchi sobіvartіst i trudomіstkіst Tsikh robіt and vitrati on kapіtalny repair viperedzhayut rіst fondіv.

Neobhіdnіst virіshennya velikomacshtabnih sotsіalnih zavdan potrebuє tsіlespryamovanoї robots s rozvitku materіalno-tehnіchnoї bazi budіvnitstva. However kapіtalnі vkladennya on takі tsіlі vidіlyayutsya in obmezhenіy kіlkostі. Thus, in 1998 the. s Derzhbyudzhetu vidіleno vsogo 6.9% od zagalnoї kіlkostі koshtіv i 2,2% od zagalnoї kіlkostі Reigning tsentralіzovanih kapіtalovkladen.

To positive from zrushen robotі budіvelnih organіzatsіy in 1998. slіd vіdnesti:

• zupinennya zrostannya vartostі budіvelno and assembly robіt scho stvoryuє spriyatlivі minds for zbіlshennya of order i popitu on vikonannya budіvelno robіt and assembly;
• zbіlshennya virobіtku per pratsyuyuchogo;
• zbіlshennya virobnitstva konstruktsіy i virobіv іz zbіrnogo zalіzobetonu.

The main factors that SSMSC protyagom ostannіh rokіv vplivali on pace i rіven vikonannya pіdryadnih robіt, Yea:

• nezabezpechennya fіnansuvannyam;
• visokі vіdsotkovі kredituvannya rates;
• Visokiy rіven podatkіv scho zmenshuє chastku koshtіv on rozvitok virobnichoї bazi budіvnitstva;
• small Quantity of order.

Factorial analіz pіdryadnih budіvelno robots and assembly in organіzatsіy, 1998. zasvіdchuє scho zbіlshennya obsyagіv vikonanih pіdryadnih robіt zumovleno zbіlshennyam virobіtku per pratsyuyuchogo 14%. Prirіst robіt becomes 651.0 mln., 12.3% abo zagalnogo obsyagu.

Chinniki, SSMSC zavazhayut robotі budіvelnih organіzatsіy i znizhuyut rіven vikonannya robіt:

• nizka Pete Wagga Reigning tsentralіzovanih іnvestitsіy. Nedovikonano pіdryadnih robіt for the amount of 184.7 million USD, 3.5% abo zagalnogo obsyagu.;
• zmenshennya chastki іnvestitsіy in pіdryadnі budіvelno montazhnі-robots (h 49.55% for 1997 p. to 45.9% for 1998 p.). Nedovikonano pіdryadnih robіt to 207.7 million USD, 3.9% abo zagalnogo obsyagu.;
• nezadovіlne vikoristannya virobnichih fondіv vnaslіdok vіdsutnostі front robіt (vіdsutnіst fіnansuvannya). Nedovikonano robіt for the amount of 899.0 million USD, 16.5% abo zagalnogo obsyagu.;
• vіdsutnіst koshtіv on fіnansuvannya budіvnitstva in bіlshostі zabudovnikіv.

Mills Lipnya 1, 1999. Ukraїnі dіyalo in 5 tis. budіvelnih organіzatsіy usіh forms vlasnostі that organіzatsіyno legal form gospodaryuvannya.

Pozhvavlennya pіdryadnoї dіyalnostі away in zalezhatime od for Change in makroekonomіchnіy sistemі. For tsogo potrіbno:

• podolati Creasy neplatezhіv;
• polіpshiti fіnansovo-credit system;
• zmіniti opodatkuvannya system;
• stvoriti minds for zaluchennya іnozemnih іnvestorіv;
• vrahuvati regіonalnі osoblivostі at provedennі zahodіv rinkovih reforms (privatizatsії, aktsіonuvannya toscho);
• peredbachiti stvorennya lіzingovih organіzatsіy s rental budіvelnoї tehnіki that zasobіv maloї mehanіzatsії.

Krіm tsogo, neobhіdno rozrobiti system zahodіv schodo restrukturizatsії zbitkovih i unpromising of companies budіvelnogo complex, posiliti control dostovіrnіstyu viznachennya vartostі budіvnitstva i dogovіrnih tsіn on ob'єktah scho sporudzhuyutsya іz zaluchennyam budgetary koshtіv, provoditi robot s aktivіzatsії zaluchennya netraditsіynih Jerel fіnansuvannya kapіtalnogo budіvnitstva and sama: resursіv komertsіynih bankіv, aktsіy, koshtіv іnozemnih i Private іnvestorіv, zaoschadzhen toscho population.

a) Pіdryadnі robots

b) Virobnitstvo zbіrnih zalіzobetonnih konstruktsіy

Fig. 6.1. Zmіni mainly pokaznikіv robots pіdryadnih organіzatsіy (narostayuchim pіdsumkom at% to vіdpovіdnogo perіodu passed rock)

a) Chiselnіst budіvelno-virobnichogo staff

b) Virobіtok per pratsіvnika

Fig. 6.2. Zmіni mainly pokaznikіv robots pіdryadnih organіzatsіy (narostayuchim pіdsumkom at% to vіdpovіdnogo perіodu passed rock)