home Banking books Penny-kreditnі Sistemi zarubіzhnih kraїn - Іvanov VM

Penny-kreditnі Sistemi zarubіzhnih kraїn - Іvanov VM

2.3. I Groshі gold

Gold i groshі zavzhdi porushuvali spokіyne Zhittya Helsinki Human.

In pervіsnoobschinnomu suspіlstvі, de people lived tim, scho zbirali fetus i polyuvali wild zvіrіv, truncated just rozpodіlyalosya mіzh yogo members. Obmіnu results tsogo primіtivnogo "virobnitstva" not Bulo, but that is not the first boule potrіbnі groshі.

Prote Lyudin Pocha tame zvіrіv i obroblyati ground. Zbiralnitstvo i polyuvannya entered skotarstvu i zemlerobstvu. Postupovo tribes Pocha zaymatisya Pevnyi dіyalnostі views. For such minds obmіn becoming neobhіdnim Elements Zhittya people. Meaning obmіnu pіdvischuєtsya, if viokremlyuєtsya crafts yak Especially Galuzo trudovoї dіyalnostі. Products viroblyayutsya spetsіalno for obmіnu. Tovarіv staє bіlshe and obmіn - regulyarnіshim. Cutaneous goods pragne viraziti his vartіst Sered іnshih tovarіv, tobto zafіksuvati spіvvіdnoshennya obmіnu on INSHI goods.

Vіdsutnіst zagalnogo ekvіvalenta obmіnu - product, yaky bi virazhav vartіst usіh іnshih tovarіv i CCB zdatny postіyno obmіnyuvatis them - uskladnyuvala obmіn.

Istoria gospodaryuvannya narodіv svіdchit scho funktsії pennies in Pevnyi regіonah svitu vikonuvali rіznі goods (hutro, riba, Bobi cocoa sіl) i navіt people. Mіzh rіznimi kinds pennies vіdbuvalasya postіyna Borotba, odnі groshі vitіsnyali INSHI. Groshovі odinitsі virіznyalisya mіzh themselves, not Somalia podіlnostі.

3aznachenі problemi Bulo rozv'yazano, if the role of pennies Pocha vіdіgravati methane. In starodavnіy Spartі for svіdchennyam Aristotle, in obіgu boule mіdnі groshі. Prote mіd vikonuvala funktsії netrivaly pennies an hour, more uniquely enters precios kamіnnyu that gold th srіblu yak estetichno privablivіshim.

3oloto zadovolnyaє not require osnovnі Helsinki Human (in їzhі, odezhі) and drugoryadnі. Vono staє groshima in porіvnyano Bhagat suspіlstvі. However, gold is not groshі іz virіshuyut usіh problems. Potrіbnі aptekarskі Teresa dwellers zvazhiti Pevnyi Quantity Gold perevіriti i yogo sample. So Pocha karbuvannya coins.

Coin - tse garantovana Quantity metal.

3oloto coins in the form of pennies Bulo perevazhnoyu at Rann kapіtalіzmі. The symbol of the golden "corpuscle" Vlad yogo over people poklonіnnya i sacrifice suprovodzhuyut lyudstvo protyagom usogo rozvitku. 3vіlnennya lyudstva od Vladi gold Bulo mrієyu utopіchnih sotsіalіstіv.

Perehіd until golden standard roztyagnuvsya on trivaly perіod i zavershivsya naprikіntsі XIX century. Tsіni virazhalisya tіlki in nomu, oskіlki penny odinitsya kozhnoї Kraina bula fіksovanoyu law kіlkіstyu gold. 3olotih coins dedalі bіlshe not kept pace. Tsentralnі banks, yakih nagromadzhuvalisya belongings peretvorilisya on zberіgachіv gold zapasіv. 3olotom mozhna Bulo pogasiti whether yaky Borg, yak yogo vikoristovuvali zasіb kіntsevogo payment.

Tim hour scho yak zakrіplyuvalos bіlshe Gold metal penny, then Krashchi skladalis minds for yogo vitіsnennya. In obіgu time іz rіvnoznachnimi coins perebuvali stertі coins SSMSC vtratili Chastain masi. 3'yavilisya spritniki, SSMSC s takoї ekonomіchnoї zakonomіrnostі dіstavali Vigoda. Pong obrіzali coins, rezultatі chogo masa zmenshuvalasya metal music. Together s profesієyu karbuvalnikіv coins vinikla profesіya falshivomonetnikіv. Especially Vigoda s Key infrastructure nepovnotsіnnih i nepovnomasovih coins dіstaє power. Postaє power, not for chomu ROBIT groshі s Paper the - materіalu, yaky Je symbol tsivіlіzatsії new hour. Parallel s karbuvannyam coins rozvivayutsya kreditnі groshі.

On the cob of the XIX century. perevazhnoyu Form pennies Bulo slit gold, ale vprodovzh stolіttya chastka dorogotsіnnogo zmenshilas metal music, and more precisely chastka rahunkіv zrosla. Ninі gold is not preg uchastі in obіgu penny and halfpenny Masa skladaєtsya priblizno s gotіvki 1/4 i 3/4 Flow rahunkіv.

Mayzhe all dobute lyudstvom gold materіalno іsnuє in Suchasnyj svіtі. Tom rinok gold nabagato Shirshov i skladnіshy, nіzh metal music sales, scho vidobuvaєtsya schorіchno.

Nagromadzhene gold (krіm vtrachenogo) іsnuє in these forms:

• tsentralіzovanі stock at kaznacheyskih i Reigning banks;

• privatnі (tezavratsіynі) (Tezavratsіya gold - gold nagromadzhennya Private vlasnikami in viglyadі belongings chi insurance fund Gold tezavruєtsya in formі zlivkіv, coins, medals, and gold takozh sertifіkatіv.)

nagromadzhennya fіzichnih i Yurydychna osіb (fіrm, bankіv);

• Metal, yaky vikoristano in yuvelіrnіy i zuboproteznіy spravі have rіznih Galuzo promislovostі, ale pridatny for vtorinnogo zastosuvannya.

For danimi S. Borisov, on kategorіyu Perche (s tochnіstyu 0.1) 35.1 pripadaє yew. t gold on the other - 24.1, in the third - 31.9, again - 91.1 yew. T [27].

Tsentralіzovanі nazivayut monetary reserves (Penny) gold. Spravdі, tse gold nayblizhche to pennies, zokrema fact scho Yea reserve mіzhnarodnih platіzhnih koshtіv. Vono іsnuє viklyuchno in visokoprobnih Monetary Zlivko.

Naybіlshim in svіtі vlasnikom zhovto metal music Je US Hoca yogo chastka іstotno zmenshilas in Pershi povoєnnі prophets. Naprikіntsі 1986 p. Gold reserves of the United States becomes 8.2 yew. ie, for ostannі Rocky vіn mayzhe not zmіnivsya. Other stock for rozmіrami gold Je Zittau (3 tis. Tons). Tretє Location posіdaє Shveytsarіya (2.6 yew. M), Cudi desyatilіttyami vkladalisya kapіtali s usіh kіntsіv svitu. For kіlkіstyu gold, scho pripadaє one Lyudin, Shveytsarіya nabagato viperedila OAO All INSHI Kraina svitu.

Ostannіm hour deyakі Kraina, scho rozvivayutsya, popovnyuyut svoї Zoloti stocks. Tse stosuєtsya dvoh group kraїn - gold i naftovidobuvnih.

Naybіlshe in svіtі skhovische rozmіschuєtsya gold in New York, in Manhattan Glibin skelyastih porіd. In tsіy gіgantskіy kamerі krіm gold US gold zberіgaєtsya (povnіstyu chi chastkovo) Ponad 70 kraїn svitu and takozh Mіzhnarodnogo Monetary Fund (IMF).

Camera zberіgannya Nadra target Manhattan at 30th Rokach, if bagato kraїn OPIN pid zagrozoyu gіtlerіvskoї agresії. Chastain svoїh gold zapasіv stink zberіgati weather in New York. Vinyatok becoming Frantsіya, yak i for traditsіyami zgіdno Zi svoєyu polіtikoyu zberіgaє gold stocks on vlasnіy teritorії.

Vlasnyi stock in US zberіgaєtsya spetsіalno pobudovanomu for tsogo in 30th Rokach skhovischі Fort Knox (state Kentukkі). Chastina natsіonalnogo skhovischa rozmіschuєtsya in West Poyntі (NY), the mint at Denverі that Fіladelfії and takozh in San Francisco.

Privatnі (tezavratsіynі) nagromadzhennya zberіgayutsya in standard currency Zlivko (tse stosuєtsya fіrm, bankіv naybagatshih vlasnikіv i), and takozh in drіbnih Zlivko rіznoї masi i forms in i medalyonah medals. In deyakih kraїnah, zokrema in Іndії, volodіnnya gold in nebagatih Selyanske sіm'yah Je natsіonalnoyu traditsієyu. Tse strahuvannya on vipadok nevrozhayu, stihіynogo Lehigh hvorobi chi smertі goduvalnika.

Until 1975, p. gromadyanam US Bulo zaboroneno volodіti gold for vinyatkom yuvelіrnih virobіv, numіzmatichnih tsіnnostey.

Kіlka tisyach zberіgaєtsya tons of gold in the denture virobah. Chastina gold mіstitsya in nayrіznomanіtnіshih subjects: These coverages tserkovnі banі, detalі in elektrichnih priladit. In zv'yazku s Masov vikoristannyam gold elektronіtsі nalagodzheno profitability processes yogo vіdnovlennya іz znoshenoї tehnіki. Prote in areas spozhivannya bezpovorotnі vtrati zhovto naybіlshі metal music.

In the gold market analysis svіtovomu 70 - by cob 80 rokіv vіdbulisya іstotnі zmіni, pov'yazanі nasampered Zi skasuvannyam tverdoї tsіni gold, bagatorazovim pіdvischennyam i rіzkimi Oscillations rinkovih tsіn, zbіlshennyam gold obіgu the US that deyakih іnshih kraїnah svitu.

Until 1968, p. Uryadov i derzhavnі tsentralnі banks skupovuvali mayzhe all vidobute gold kontrolyuvali i yogo away ruh. Pong sold one gold one, if Bulo treba popovniti valyutnі reserves and takozh Private fіrmam, SSMSC vikoristovuvali Yogo at promislovostі. Ninі Uryadov i banks kupuyut i prodayutsya gold "on zagalnih ambushes" - not for the strong tsіnoyu and rinkovoyu for "trademark".

When gold standartі gold Bulo groshima. However prodatsya - oznachaє obmіnyati goods on groshі and product Cena Je yogo vartіstyu in pennies. Rate of gold - tse tіlki viraz, іnshimi words - Tse gold vmіst groshovoї odinitsі. If the I said: Rate of gold from the United States becoming blizko 20.67 dollars. for troysku untsіyu then rozumіli: Gold vmіst Dolar (. zgіdno іz Act 1900 p) becoming priblizno 0,048 untsії, abo 1,505 Prodayuchi of gold, the seller obmіnyuvav, napriklad, untsіyu zlivkіv gold at 20 dollars. 67 cents. in gold coins banknotes abo scho vіlno rozmіnyuvalisya gold.

Koli Dolar vtrativ rozmіnnіst gold, was mozhlivim prodavatsya (ale not kupuvati) gold over by a new ofіtsіynoyu tsіnoyu - $ 35. for untsіyu.

Pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni, if tsіni for goods pіdvischilisya US uryadovі was nevigіdno prodavatsya gold at 35 dollars. for untsіyu, i hto mіg, Pocha prodavatsya yogo neofіtsіyno for vischoyu tsіnoyu. Winick vіlny rinok s gold tsіnami, SSMSC postіyno kolivalis so very, yak tsіni іnshih tovarіv.

At 60 Rokach that the US deyakih kraїnah Zahіdnoї Єvropi of Namangan pіdtrimati funktsіyu gold yak tverdoї tsіni, tobto stabіlіzuvati gold vmіst Dolar. W tsієyu metoyu at 1961 p. gold target pool for regulyuvannya market analysis for Relief Sale i kupіvlі gold on londonskomu market analysis, de boule skontsentrovanі operatsії s zhovto metal. Yakscho Vilna Cena znizhuvalas, pool Participants skupovuvali nadlishki gold rozpodіlyali i yogo mіzh him, i navpaki. Tsya rozpalas system in 1976-1978 pp., In addition kraїnah, scho were to pool, posilen іnflyatsіya. Vinikli dvorіvnevy rinok i dvorіvneva Cena gold. Tsentralnі banks kraїn zobov'yazalisya not kupuvati i do not prodavatsya vіlnomu gold market analysis, tsіlkovito vіddavshi yogo PRIVATE sector. Otozh, ofіtsіyna Cena gold rіzko zmenshilas and Vilna nabagato pіdvischilas.

In rezultatі Sklave svіtovy rinok gold 70-80 rokіv. Tsentralnі banks in 1973, p. Mali zmogu prodavatsya gold market analysis Zi svoїh zapasіv and takozh dіstali formal rules kupuvati Yogo. Prote osnovnі Find our old market analysis - obіg gold mіzh central bank i Cena hard to Demba - unlikely chi turn.

For all the gold traditsієyu potraplyaє to hand poserednikіv - dilerіv. Zoloti Dealers - tse fіrmi scho Yea vtіlennyam fіnansovoї aristokratії, elіtoyu svitu. Tse's World traditsіyny to yakogo not toil access novachki. Dilerskih fіrm, SSMSC "roblyat weather" in the market analysis gold nalіchuєtsya Ponad 20. OOO All stink Yea banks abo tіsno pov'yazanі s them: dwellers zdіysnyuvati operatsії іz gold potrіbnі velikі groshі. Naystarіsha s such fіrm Veda svіy Rodovid s XII century., Naymolodshіy priblizno 150 rokіv. Perche in the list londonskih dilerіv stoїt bankіvsky Dim Rotshildіv, zasnovany at 1804 p.

Until golden dilerіv nalezhit takozh "great trіyka" shveytsarskih bankіv s ofіsami in Tsyurіhu. Tse gіgantskі aktsіonernі banks unіversalnogo type. Pong vikonuyut usі Vidi bankіvskih operatsіy. Ocholyuyut banks naymanі upravlyayuchі; zavdyaki svoєmu vplivu i bagatstvu stink nalezhat to fіnansovoї olіgarhії. Tsі people dіstali prіzvisko "tsyurіhskі Dwarfs"; їhnya dіyalnіst zberіgaєtsya in taєmnitsі that skhovana od publіki eyes, and Vlad i vpliv velicheznі. Before "velikoї trіyki" Inbox:

• Shveytsarske bankіvske tovaristvo (Swiss Bank Corporation);

• Credit Shveytsarsky іnstitut (Swiss Credit Bank);

• Shveytsarsky bankіvsky Union (Union Bank of Switzerland). Tsі banks in 1983, p. utvorili pool dіyut on market analysis for spіlnoyu strategієyu tactics i i do not postupayutsya London.

In svіtі іsnuє bagato іnshih tsentrіv de skontsentrovano torgіvlyu gold. Vіddіlom mіzhnarodnogo trumpery Rinku Je Gold bіrzha in Chicago.

Ninі in bіlshostі kraїn svitu gold vіlno prodaєtsya in rozdrіb in coins chi smallest in Zlivko. Coins mozhut bagatorazovo pereprodavatisya. When tsomu stink obertayutsya to Rinku not groshі yak and yak spetsifіchny goods.

Dealers dіyut on bіrzhah, ukladayuchi contracts for the sale chi gold purchase. Naykraschim type operatsіy іz gold viyavilis strokovі land. Pong toil bagato spіlnogo s operatsіyami, SSMSC zdavna zdіysnyuyutsya іz grain kolorovimi metals that іnshimi goods and takozh s іnozemnimi currencies that tsіnnimi Papero. Takі operatsії mozhlivі s ob'єktami, SSMSC toil viglyad odnorіdnih chi STANDARD partіy i zaznayut postіynih abo digit Oscillations rinkovih tsіn. Gold іdealno vіdpovіdaє CIM vimogam.

Strokova ground - tse dogovіr mіzh owner i pokuptsem for minds yakogo Seller zobov'yazuєtsya postaviti and pokupets priynyati Pevnyi Quantity partіy of standard gold in Pevnyi maybutnіy perіod for advance fіksovanoyu tsіnoyu. Yea i Pokuptsyami seller CLIENTS - Member bіrzhі. Pong vikonuyut operatsії yak dealers tobto Vlasnyi for rakhunok i have Vlasnyi іnteresah, abo Yak agents іnshih fіrm i osіb, SSMSC viplachuyut brokers komіsіynі.

Metoyu takoї operatsії Mauger Buti clean spekulyatsіya, tobto namagannya otrimati Prybutok od maybutnogo i correct vgadanogo Ruhu tsіn, abo strahuvannya rizikіv (hedzhuvannya). Ostannє sposterіgaєtsya todі, if virobnik gold prodaє zazdalegіd his maybutnyu produktsіyu, strahuyuchis od mozhlivogo Oscillations tsіn. Promislovі fіrmi for yakih gold Je sirovinoyu, navpaki, mozhut kupuvati yogo on Pevnyi termіn, dwellers zastrahuvatisya od pіdvischennya tsіn to Demba.

Prodayutsya gold Pevnyi termіn Ti speculators SSMSC rozrahovuyut, scho until completion lands Cena gold zmenshitsya. On bіrzhah їh nazivayut "Vedmed" (loc pov'yazana s tim, scho vedmіd b'є vorogov lapoyu zverhu down).

Vіdpovіdno Username Lost Password gold on Pevnyi termіn rozrahovuyut to those scho rinkova Cena pіdvischitsya porіvnyano s contract. Pong on the ma jor i pіdvischennya nazivayutsya "bikami" (BIC b'є vorogov znizu Vgoru).

Yak usually prodavtsі not underwrite uvazі supply real (fіzichnogo) of gold at the time zakіnchennya termіnu contract and Username Lost Password pragnut otrimati not real gold. Obidvі PARTIES tsіkavit tіlki odne - Prybutok in viglyadі vigіdnoї rіznitsі in tsіnah. Rozrahunok Mauger viyavitis wrong and rіznitsya nespriyatlivoyu. In tsomu razі speculator pragne obmezhiti vtrati, tobto vchasno viyti s gris.

The basic ground for perevaga string spekulyantіv polyagaє in fact scho dealer, ukladayuchi sake, do not blame the mother in obov'yazkovo nayavnostі goods, yaky prodaєtsya and pokuptsyu not potrіbno mother kapіtal in rozmіrі povnoї vartostі product. Pong ukladayut sake, vkladayuchi in neї slim chastku povnoї vartostі product in viglyadі marzhі. Vkladannya vіdnosno slim kapіtalu for spriyatlivih minds Mauger Dachi great Prybutok i vinyatkovo Visoko rate pributku on kapіtal. In amerikanskіy fіnansovіy praktitsі tse nazivayut principle "vazhelya". Tsey principle takozh Mauger dіyati in zvorotnomu napryamі, prinosyachi velikі zbitki for nespriyatlivih obstavin.

Butt. Yakscho kapіtal vkladaєtsya in real gold, then $ 250 in tsіni razі. untsіyu for 25 tis. dollars. mozhna buy 100 untsіy metal. For podvoєnnya kapіtalu potrіbno, dwellers Cena gold (for gotіvkovimi land) pіdvischilas udvіchі - up to $ 500. for untsіyu. In tsomu razі "vazhelya" Absent. Ale at tsіnі gold from Pevnyi maybutnіy perіod $ 250. for untsіyu dwellers to buy the standard partіyu in rozmіrі 100 untsіy (one contract), іnvestoru dosit make svoєmu brokerovі 900 dollars. Qiu margin broker peredaє bіrzhі. Mayuchi 25 tis. USD., іnvestor Mauger buy blizko 30 partіy (25000/900), tobto priblizno 3000 untsіy. Yakscho Price per untsіyu gold pіdvischitsya vsogo 9 dollars. (Up to 259 USD.), Then the speculator prodayuchi gold for tsієyu tsіnoyu on cutaneous kontraktі "zaroblyaє" 900 USD., And otzhe, podvoyuє vkladeny kapіtal. In rezultatі Neznachny pіdvischennya tsіn yogo kapіtal zbіlshuєtsya of 25 to 50 tis. dollars.

In razі znizhennya tsіni to 241 dollars. for untsіyu speculator vtrachaє margin. Hoca Yakscho vіn zberegti contract rozrahovuyuchi on pіdvischennya tsіn, Yomou happen to make dodatkovu margin scho zbіlshuє rizik vtrati. Zdebіlshogo іnvestori namagayutsya zazdalegіd obmezhiti vtrati, dayuchi Price not specified broker for yakoyu naynizhchoyu tsіnoyu bought with gold lines Pevnyi potrіbno prodatsya.

Otzhe, perevazhna bіlshіst lands lіkvіduєtsya dostrokovo. When tsomu otrimuyut Prybutok abo, abo vihodyat s gris, obmezhuyuchi vtrati. For bіlshmensh Normal rinkovih obstavin lіkvіduєtsya mayzhe 99% kontraktіv. In zv'yazku s udoskonalennyam bіrzhovogo mehanіzmu Je tendentsіya to pіdvischennya chastki zberezhenih land.

Krіm string lands in bіrzhovіy torgіvlі goods i fіnansovimi acts vikoristovuyutsya INSHI FORMS operatsіy. Odnієyu s such forms Je optsіon. Leaning gold optsіon zaprovadiv at 1976 p. one іz shveytsarskih bankіv, ale іstotnogo values ​​vіn nabuv in 1982 p., if operatsії s optsіonami Bulo rozpochato on "Comex".

Optsіon - tse contract for Yakima pokupets, viplachuyuchi Pevnyi premіyu, dіstaє right uprodovzh Pevnyi termіnu yogo dії pridbati from the seller for the standard product partіyu advance viznachenoyu tsіnoyu. Seller optsіonu otrimuє premіyu th rozrahovuє scho uprodovzh termіnu dії contract rinkova Cena not dosyagne vstanovlenoї per contract. Pokupets rozrahovuє scho vіn perekriє vitrati on premіyu i otrimaє Prybutok, Yakscho rinkova Cena perevischit optsіynu. Іsnuyut rіznі shaped gold optsіonіv. Pragnuchi zvesti rizik to mіnіmumu, okremі speculators poєdnuyut strokovі optsіonami s lands.

Rozvitok bіrzhovoї torgіvlі gold nabuvaє vsesvіtnogo nature. Fahіvtsі on Zahodі rozglyadayut її yak prototype of maybutnіh svіtovih rinkіv tovarіv, kapіtalіv i currencies zdatnih kontsentruvati popit i propozitsіyu uchasnikіv in vsіh kіntsyah svitu.

Spozhivannya gold, yak i іnshogo product, Got іstorichny character i zmіnyuєtsya in chasі. Vono rіzne in rіznih kraїnah deposits i od i ekonomіchnogo rozvitku sotsіalno cultural zvichaїv. Наприклад, сучасне масове виробництво ювелірних виробів істотно відрізняється від кустарно-художнього характеру цієї галузі в минулому. Новим явищем є попит на благородний метал у сфері електроніки.

Проте деякі звичаї використання золота існують сотні й навіть тисячі років. Наприклад, археологи знаходять золоті обручки в різних місцях земної кулі. У Стародавньому Єгипті існував звичай носити їх як знак влади і багатства. Імовірно, це було пов'язано з тим, що в обручках робився штамп і при натисканні ним на віск завірялася справжність послання і гарантувалася його таємниця. У багатьох країнах обручка дотепер є символом міцності шлюбу.