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Penny-kreditnі Sistemi zarubіzhnih kraїn - Іvanov VM

3. Subject OSNOVNІ Etap EVOLYUTSІЇ VALYUTNOЇ system

3.1. The gold standard system

Mіzhnarodnі valyutnі vіdnosini Je nevіd'єmnoyu warehouses Economy. Valyutnі vіdnosini - tse sukupnіst suspіlnih vіdnosin scho skladayutsya in zv'yazku s funktsіonuvannyam pennies in mіzhnarodnomu obіgu, SSMSC obslugovuyut vzaєmny obmіn dіyalnostі results. їh funktsіonuvannya i rozvitok pov'yazanі s obslugovuvannyam complex ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv scho skladayutsya mіzh okremimi kraїnami, Yurydychna that the privacy of individuals. Іdetsya about obslugovuvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі, vivezennya kapіtalu, nadannya pozik i kreditіv, Naukova-tehnіchny obmіn, rozvitok tourism that іn.

Funktsіonalnі structure of foreign currency vіdnosin vtіlyuyutsya іstorichno in a particular currency systems. їh rozglyadayut yak form pravovoї that іnstitutsіonalnoї organіzatsії Monetary vіdnosin. Virіznyayut natsіonalnі that svіtovі valyutnі system.

Natsionalna monetary system - tse organіchna Chastina Sistemi penny vіdnosin okremih powers. її funktsіonuvannya regulyuєtsya (s urahuvannyam standards mіzhnarodnogo right) natsіonalnim zakonodavstvom Kraina on osnovі yakogo viznachaєtsya mіzhnarodny status natsіonalnoї currency - groshovoї odinitsі Kraina, vstanovlyuyutsya mehanіzm vzaєmodії natsіonalnih i svіtovih pennies sposіb їh konvertovanostі, kotiruvannya th regulyuvannya Monetary kursіv, formuvannya th vikoristannya mіzhnarodnoї lіkvіdnostі , foreign exchange reserves, credit resursіv, forms that organіzatsії mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv toscho. Prior warehouse natsіonalnih currency systems incoming vіdpovіdnі іnfrastrukturnі Lanka - bankіvskі that credit and place the fіnansovі, bіrzhі, spetsіalnі currency control authorities, INSHI derzhavnі that privatnokomertsіynі іnstituti.

In protsesі pogliblennya mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі that ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv vіdbuvaєtsya vzaєmna іntegratsіya systems natsіonalnih penny i Monetary vіdnosin. Funktsіonalnі vіdmіnnostі mіzh them postupovo znikayut.

Svіtova monetary system Yea funktsіonalnoyu Form organіzatsії Monetary vіdnosin on rіvnі mіzhderzhavnih zv'yazkіv. її rozvitok regulyuєtsya vіdpovіdnimi mіzhderzhavnimi Monetary lands, vikonannya yakih zabezpechuєtsya stvorenimi on kolektivnіy osnovі mіzhderzhavnimi monetary and fіnansovimi bankіvskimi i install that organіzatsіyami. Skladniki svіtovoї valyutnoї system:

• mіzhnarodnі lіkvіdnі resources (іnozemna currency, gold is the INSHI platіzhnі zasobi);

• mehanіzm regulyuvannya Monetary paritetіv i kursіv;

• mіzhnarodnі valyutnі markets Agricultural Art i markets Agricultural Art gold;

• System mіzhnarodnogo kredituvannya that mіzhderzhavnih rozrahunkіv;

• vіdpovіdnі іnfrastrukturnі toscho Lanka.

Svіtova monetary system in evolyutsіynomu rozvitku proyshla three osnovnі Etap - gold, gold and (dolarovogo) i paperovo-currency standartіv.

Gold standard sformuvalasya on the cob of the XIX century. i funktsіonuvala to rokіv 20-30th XX century. її viznachalnimi Find our boule funktsіonuvannya gold yak svіtovih pennies fіksatsіya golden vmіstu natsіonalnih currencies їh bezposerednya konvertovanіst in gold nayavnіst on tsіy osnovі fіksovanih Monetary kursіv.

In perіod dії gold standard gold perebuvalo in obіgu in viglyadі karbovanih coins not deprivation zovnіshnomu on market analysis and the second narіvnі s rozmіnnimi paperovimi grіshmi - vnutrіshnomu on market analysis. Tse zabezpechuvalo factuality totozhnіst natsіonalnoї groshovoї that valyutnoї systems. їh vіdmіnnіst polyagala in the fact scho on svіtovomu gold market analysis Bulo perevazhnim zasobom payment.

Obmіnny exchange rate natsіonalnih paperovih pennies rozrahovuvavsya for spіvvіdnoshennyam їh golden vmіstu (scale tsіn) yaky vstanovlyuvavsya powers. So, Yakscho Dolar amerikansky mіstiv 1/20 untsії gold and anglіysky sterlіngіv 1/4 pound untsії then їh obmіnny rate becomes 1: 5 (1/4: 1/20 = 5). One pound sterlіngіv obmіnyuvavsya 5 dollars.

Kraina, scho dotrimuvalisya gold standard povinnі boule zabezpechuvati zhorstke spіvvіdnoshennya nayavnih zapasіv gold i kіlkostі pennies in obіgu and takozh vіlnu mіgratsіyu gold - Yogo eksport that іmport. For Relief mіgratsії gold Bedspread Passive balance platіzhnih balansіv scho zabezpechuvalo stabіlnіst Monetary vіdnosin.

Sistemі gold standard nalezhala vazhliva role in rozvitku mіzhnarodnih torgovelnih vіdnosin, іnternatsіonalіzatsії virobnitstva. Vaughn zabezpechuvala zagalnіst svіtovih pennies їh Povny konvertovanіst, stabіlnіst kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі she Monetary kursіv and takozh automaticity (vnaslіdok mіgratsії gold) vrіvnovazhennya platіzhnih balansіv okremih powers stabіlnіst svіtovih tsіn.

Vodnochase system of the gold standard has been viewed zanadto zhorstka, nedostatno elastichna, road, stale od vidobutku monetary gold. Naybіlshy nedolіk polyagav in fact, scho minds funktsіonuvannya gold standard іstotno obmezhuvali mozhlivostі zdіysnennya okremimi powers vlasnoї monetary and groshovoї polіtiki. Poyasnyuvalosya Tse note scho bezposerednoyu reaktsієyu on zbіlshennya obsyagіv paperovoї emіsії that іnflyatsіyne znetsіnennya natsіonalnih pennies CCB vіdpliv gold for a cordon i vіdpovіdne zmenshennya gold zapasіv. Tse obmezhuvalo mozhlivostі sovereign vtruchannya in the sphere of foreign exchange Penny i vіdnosin, їh tsіlovogo regulyuvannya, vikoristannya a particular napryamkah ekonomіchnoї polіtiki.

W look around to zaznachenі obmezhennya pіslya Pershoї svіtovoї vіyni gold standard Bulo zamіneno gold and foreign exchange (zolotodevіznim). Yogo sutnіst polyagala in fact scho of order іz gold funktsіyu mіzhnarodnih platіzhnih zasobіv committed itself deyakі currency provіdnih kraїn svitu. Іnstitutsіonalno zolotodevіznogo system standard has been viewed zasnovana rіshennyami mіzhnarodnoї Genuezkoї konferentsії. Prote th pіslya ukladennya Genuezkoї lands groshovі Sistemi mayzhe 30 kraїn Sunset prodovzhuvali funktsіonuvati in rezhimі gold standard.

Zrozumіti dwellers, yak on the gold standard dіyav praktitsі, rozglyanemo scho become, if Cena pounds sterlіngіv pochinaє zbіlshuvatisya (Ponad $ 5. Per pound). Yakscho amerikansky іmporter anglіyskoї tvіdovoї tkanini scho koshtuє £ 100. Art., namagaєtsya splatiti Dolar for the goods, then vіn koshtuvatime Ponad $ 500. Prote іmporter Got Inshyj vibіr, yaky peredbachaє purchase gold, scho Mauger zmenshiti vitrati. Zamіst of dwellers rozplachuvatisya for tkaninu Dolar, amerikansky іmporter Mauger obmіnyati $ 500. gold, pereslati yogo to Velikobritanії th peretvoriti at £ 100. Art. Peresilannya gold to Velikobritanії Je deshevshe Doty, docks vartіst pound sterlіngіv perevischuє $ 5. (H dodavannyam nevelikoї sumi to pay for vitrat, pov'yazanih іz transported gold).

Zbіlshennya tsіni pound Veda to zrostannya rezervіv foreign currency (gold) Velikobritanії that rіvnoznachnih vtrat US. Oskіlki zmіna volodіnnі kraїnoyu in foreign exchange reserves (in gold) to Veda vіdpovіdnoї zmіni in groshovіy masі then peremіschennya gold Zi US to Velikobritanії sprichinyuє zbіlshennya її groshovoї masi, yak todі US penny masa zmenshuєtsya. Otzhe, vnaslіdok zbіlshennya Offers pennies in Velikobritanії rіven tsіn in tsіy kraїnі pіdvischuєtsya and znizhennya Offers pennies in US zmenshuє there rіven tsіn. Zbіlshennya rіvnya tsіn in Velikobritanії porіvnyano s rіvnem tsіn the US sprichinyuє znetsіnennya pound sterlіngіv. Tsei processes trivatime Doty, docks vartіst pound does not turn up rіvnya, nizhchogo, nіzh $ 5. per pound.

Znetsіnennya pound zmenshennya i yogo vartostі to rіvnya nizhche $ 5., Navpaki, stimulyuє peremіschennya Velikobritanії s gold to the United States. Takі peremіschennya gold zbіlshuyut propozitsіyu pennies in the US i zmenshuyut propozitsіyu pennies in Velikobritanії, primushuyut dorozhchati pound to $ 5.

Otzhe, with golden standartі pіdvischennya abo znizhennya exchange rate result in dіyu Sealy, scho yogo povertayut to parity.

Docks doderzhuyutsya rules of the gold standard i pіdtrimuєtsya garantovany obmіn currency for gold, Doty obmіnnі Kursi zalishatimutsya postіynimi. Proteus yak i in rozglyanutomu prikladі, dotrimannya gold standard meant scho Kraina bіlshe not kontrolyuvali vlasnoї monetarnoї polіtiki, oskіlki propozitsіya pennies zdebіlshogo viznachalasya gold flows mіzh kraїnami. Krіm addition, the monetary svіtovu polіtiku uniquely vplivali virobnitstvo that vіdkrittya novih rodovisch gold. Kohli at 70-80 Rokach XIX century. virobnitstvo gold Bulo on nizkomu rіvnі then propozitsіya pennies in svіtі pіdvischuvalas povіlno i do not vstigala for pіdnesennyam svіtovoї Economy. The result has been viewed deflyatsіya, tobto znizhennya rіvnya tsіn. Vіdkrittya gold on Alyastsі th at Pіvdennіy Ameritsі at 90 Rokach XIX century. іstotno rozshirilo yogo virobnitstvo, scho, in its Cherga, zooms Shvidky zbіlshennya pennies supply. Rіven tsіn pіdvischuvavsya right up Pershoї svіtovoї vіyni.