Penny-kreditnі Sistemi zarubіzhnih kraїn - Іvanov VM

5.3. credit system

Perelіk naybіlshih bankіv US 90 rokіv imposed at the table. 7.

table 7

Naybіlshі US banks

Bank

Assets billion.

Assets usіh komertsіynih bankіv%

Citicorp, New York

217

6.4

Bank America Corp., San Francisco

111

3.3

Chase Manhattan Corp., New York

98

2.9

JP Morgan & Co., New York

93

2.7

Security Pacific Corp., Los Angeles

85

2.5

Chemical Bank Corp., New York

73

2.2

NCNB Corp., Charlotte

65

1.9

Bankers Trust Corp., New York

64

1.9

Manufacturers Hanover, New York

62

1.8

Wells Fargo & Co., San Francisco

56

1.7

at once

924

27.3

In 1990 r. tіlki one amerikansky bank Citicorp Log in ten naybіlshih bankіv svitu. In 1997, p. - Vzhe three banks: Chase Manhattan Corp. (Kapіtal - 22.594 billion dollars.) - Another Location in svіtі, Citicorp (212.111 billion dollars.) - Fourth Location, Bank America Corp. (17.293 billion dollars.) - Some Location. Ninі Ponad 100 amerikanskih bankіv toil zakordonnі vіddіlennya and їh sumarnі assets perevischuyut 500 billion dollars. (At 1960 p. Їh Bulo vіsіm and sumarnі assets become $ 4 billion.).

Takі dosyagnennya zumovlyuyutsya efektivnіstyu funktsіonuvannya US Economy is the nadіynіstyu bankіvskih setup. During 1950-1970 pp. Quantity bankіv-bankrutіv becomes 75. Rocky Creasy pp 1980-1994. zbankrutuvalo bankіv 1617 i 1295 spetsіalnih FKІ. Federal Reserve stvoryuє spriyatlivі minds for funktsіonuvannya that rozvitku bankіvskoї system at 90 Rokach (1995-1996 pp -. Vіsіm bankіv-bankrutіv, and at 1996 p -. One bank).

Nebankіvskі spetsіalnі FKІ vіdіgrayut in ekonomіtsі vazhlivu role in spryamuvannі koshtіv od pozichkodavtsіv-zaoschadzhuvalnikіv to pozichalnikіv (Fig. 9).

Іnstitutsіyna scheme sector oposeredkovanogo fіnansuvannya trumpery market analysis

Fig. 9. Іnstitutsіyna scheme sector oposeredkovanogo fіnansuvannya trumpery market analysis

In sektorі oposeredkovanogo fіnansuvannya trumpery market analysis phone reception mіzh seller i pokuptsyami pennies realіzuєtsya through fіnansovih poserednikіv, SSMSC spochatku akumulyuyut currently have the resources scho proponuyutsya on market analysis and potіm prodayutsya їh pokuptsyam od Svoge іmenі. Pong shaping can samі visuvati vimogi i Offers, SSMSC Je samostіynimi ob'єktami (іnstrumentami) trumpery market analysis.

Meaning nebankіvskih fіnansovih іnstitutіv polyagaє in іntensifіkatsії protsesіv fіnansovih іnnovatsіy. Zdіysnyuyuchi іnnovatsії, FKІ vstupayut (80-90-Ti Rocky XX century.) In direct konkurentsіyu s banks, more nadayut klієntam takі samі Hotel, scho th banks. Rozglyanemo funktsіonuvannya mainly FKІ US.

Strahovі kompanії spetsіalіzuyutsya for sale polіsіv scho zabezpechuyut viplatu the insurance sum in razі smertі individuals vtrati pratsezdatnostі through hvorobu abo zvіlnennya s Robot (kompanії Zi strahuvannya Zhittya) abo in razі vtrati Lane vnaslіdok neschasnih vipadkіv (kompanії Zi strahuvannya lane).

Strahovі kompanії, yak i banks in funktsіonuyut fіnansovomu poserednitskomu bіznesі scho peretvoryuє suspіlstva for one type aktivіv on Inshyj. Strahovі kompanії vikoristovuyut strahovі vneski for polіsi, dwellers in іnvestuvati takі active, yak oblіgatsії, aktsії, zastavnі that nadannya pozik. Income od Tsikh aktivіv vikoristovuyut for viplati INSURANCE vіdshkoduvan for polіsami. Yakscho insurance kompaniia zabezpechuє svoїh klієntіv inexpensive INSURANCE Hotel i Mauger zarobiti income for svoї іnvestitsії, todі Won otrimuє Prybutok.

Strahovі kompanії іsnuyut in viglyadі aktsіonernih abo vzaєmnih kompanіy. Vlasnikami aktsіonernih kompanіy Je aktsіoneri and vzaєmnih - vlasniki INSURANCE polіsіv. On the cob 90 rokіv XX century. nalіchuvalosya blizko 2 yew. kompanіy Zi strahuvannya Zhittya (zasnovana in 1759 p. Presbyterian Ministers Fund in Philadelphia іsnuє doteper) i Ponad 3 yew. kompanіy Zi strahuvannya Lane (naybіlshimi Je State Farm insurance i Allstate insurance).

Pensіynі Fondi vikonuyut poserednitskі funktsії s peretvorennya aktivіv i garantuyut suspіlstvu ot view Zahist - viplati income pіslya vihodu on pensіyu. Of the Pension Systems of zabezpechennya mozhut zasnovuvati pіdpriєmtsі, trudovі spіlki, privatnі individuals. Pensіyna system zabezpechuєtsya Costa for rakhunok i vneskіv dohodіv od іnvestuvannya in dovgostrokovі tsіnnі Paper the (half aktivіv stanovlyat oblіgatsії that aktsії).

Nayvazhlivіshoyu system of the Pension zabezpechennya Je sotsіalne zabezpechennya powers - insurance fund for people Pokhil vіku scho strahuє practical vsіh osіb, zaynyatih in PRIVATE sektorі (z 1935 r.). In 1974 r. Congress priynyav law about garantіyu dohodіv pratsіvnikіv, SSMSC viyshli on pensіyu. Zgіdno s CIM law Korporatsіyu target takozh s garantuvannya pensіynih viplat ( "Penny Benny"). Corporation "Penny Benny" strahuє pensіynі viplati to 2250 dollars. on mіsyats kozhnіy osobі, Yakscho system of the Pension zabezpechennya kompanії zbankrutuє vnaslіdok nestachі koshtіv abo if won bude nespromozhna vikonuvati vlasnі pensіynі zobov'yazannya.

Fіnansovі kompanії mobіlіzuyut Costa for Relief Key infrastructure komertsіynih paperіv abo aktsіy that oblіgatsіy i vikoristovuyut Costa od їh Sale nadannya pozik spozhivacham that bіznesu (taken from poziku velikі sumi and nadayut poziki in Malih sumac).

Rozrіznyayut takі Vidi fіnansovih kompanіy:

• scho nadayut poziki spozhivacham for kupіvlі tovarіv in drіbnih torgovtsіv chi virobnikіv;

• scho nadayut poziki for kupіvlі okremih tovarіv (meblіv, pobutovoї tehnіki repair Zhitlo, defіnansuvannya okremih borgіv);

• scho nadayut spetsіalіzovanі fіrmam the form of loans, kupuyuchi debіtorsku zaborgovanіst (sumi, zaborgovanі fіrmі) Zi znizhkoyu (Taku form nadannya loan nazivayut factoring).

Vzaєmnі Fondi Je fіnansovimi poserednikami, SSMSC, ob'єdnuyuchi resources drіbnih іnvestorіv i prodayuchi їm aktsії, vikoristovuyut tsі Costa to purchase tsіnnih paperіv. Vzaєmnі Fondi іnvestuvali viklyuchno zvichaynі aktsії, ale at 90 Rokach XX century. bagato s them Pocha spetsіalіzuvatisya on borgovih іnstrumentah.

Vzaєmnі Fund with US podіlyayut two tipi:

• Foundations vіdkritogo type - aktsії mozhna pogashati at whether yaky hour for tsіnu scho vіdpovіdaє vartostі aktivіv Fund;

• The fund Closed-type - fіksovana Quantity nevikuplenih aktsіy prodaєtsya for Pochatkova propozitsієyu and potіm them torguyut in pozabіrzhovomu oborotі yak zvichaynimi aktsіyami. Cena aktsіy fund is not Mauger vіdpovіdati (Buti vischoyu chi nizhchoyu) vartostі aktivіv fund.

Federalnі kreditnі establish at US dіyut in the following areas:

• h metoyu pіdtrimannya zhitlovogo budіvnitstva zasnovano three uryadovі Install, SSMSC zabezpechuyut Costa rinok Zastavna through sales oblіgatsіy s vikoristannyam koshtіv to purchase Zastavna: Federal natsіonalnu іpotechnu asotsіatsіyu (Fannie Mac), Uriadovy natsіonalnu asotsіatsіyu іpotechnogo loan (Mac Ginnie), Federal kompanіyu іpotechnogo loan zhitlovogo budіvnitstva (Freddie Mac);

• System kredituvannya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa scho skladaєtsya s bankіv for kooperativіv, poserednitskih Federal Credit bankіv i bankіv federal land, vipuskaє tsіnnі Papero and potіm vikoristovuє Costa nadannya for farmers pozik;

• studentska asotsіatsіya rinkovih pozik (Sallie Mac) zabezpechuє Costa for zdobuttya vischoї osvіti through studentskі poziki, nadanі Private fіnansovimi іnstitutami pid programa garantovanu studentskih pozik.

Fіnansovo-kreditnі іnstituti vіdіgrayut vazhlivu role in US ekonomіtsі. Vіdnosny rozmіr Tsikh poserednikіv i value їh aktivіv on kіnets 1970, 1980 i 1990 r. It is shown in Table. 8 [70, p. 84].

table 8

ASSETS Property fіnansovih poserednikіv

Fіnansovy poserednik

Vartіst aktivіv on kіnets rock, bn.

1970 p. | 1980 p. | 1990 p.

Depozitnі іnstituti

Komertsіynі banks

517

1357

3356

Oschadnі th pozichkovі asotsіatsії

171

614

1098

Vzaєmnі oschadnі banks

79

170

264

Kreditnі spіlki

18

67

215

Dogovіrnі oschadnі іnstituti

Kompanії strahuvannya Zhittya

201

464

1409

Kompanії strahuvannya od pozhezh i neschasnih vipadkіv

50

174

528

Pensіynі Fund (privatnі)

112

470

1169

Derzhavnі th mіstsevі pensіynі Fondi

60

198

806

Іnvestitsіynі poseredniki

Fіnansovі kompanії

64

202

574

Vzaєmnі Fondi

47

62

609

Vzaєmnі Fondi market analysis trumpery

0

76

499

Kontrolnі power

1. The shape of pennies in the United States.

2. Warehouse groshovoї masi USA.

3. Federal Reserve.

4. Structure of the Federal Reserve.

5. Osnovnі vazhelі control by general masoyu pennies in obіgu i s side kreditіv Fed.

6. Osnovnі RISS federalnoї polіtiki US.

7. The main Dzherelo dohodіv powers.

Testi zlya self-control

1. Penny obіg the United States in the XVIII century. MAV takі osoblivostі:

a) іnflyatsіya Dolar at 1701 - 1717 pp .;

b) Dolar in the XVIII century. CCB svіtovoyu backup that rozrahunkovoyu currency;

c) obslugovuvavsya groshima Anglії that reglamentuvavsya її zakonodavstvom;

g) OAO All vіdpovіdі nepravilnі.

2. Federal Reserve System in the United States z'yavilasya vnaslіdok of acceptance:

a) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 p .;

b) law-Aldrich Rіlanda 1908 p .;

c) the law of Woodrow Vіlsona 1912 p .;

g) the law Leslі M. Shaw 1972 p .;

d) Proper Je vіdpovіdі a), c).

3. The Federal Reserve - tse:

a) The Central Bank of Kraina;

b) Derzhavna organіzatsіya scho zdіysnyuє strahuvannya bankіvskih depozitіv;

c) emіsіyny Center Kraina;

g) OAO All vіdpovіdі pravilnі.

4. Dolar yak penny odinitsya z'yavivsya:

a) in 1792 p .;

b) at pp 1861-1865. (Grіnbek);

c) in 1900 p. (Gold standard);

d) in 1785 p.

5. Organіzatsіyna Fed's structure:

a) Parliament keruyuchih Fed, 10 Fed banks that komertsіynі;

b) Parliament keruyuchih Fed, 12 Fed banks that komertsіynі;

c) Parliament keruyuchih Fed, Federal Advisory glad that komertsіynі 12 Fed banks;

d) Parliament keruyuchih Fed, Federal Reserve Bank that 12 member banks, the FOMC, the Federal Advisory glad;

d) Proper Je vіdpovіdі c) and d).

6. Іstotnі zmіni in dіyalnіst komertsіynih bankіv made law:

a) 1980 p .;

b) 1979 p. ( "Freddie Mac");

c) 1960 p. (Amendment 1966 p.);

g) 1963 p .;

d) Proper Je vіdpovіdі a), c).