Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG

Subject 17. TSІNI ON SІLSKOGOSPODARSKU PRODUKTSІYU

17.1. Cena in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі i characteristic її vidіv

Tsіnoutvorennya i tsіni - one s nayskladnіshih problems in yakіy perehreschuyutsya bіlshіst ekonomіchnih, sotsіalnih i polіtichnih powers issues. Cena - tse peretvorena form vartostі, її viraz penny. Zgіdno s teorієyu trudovoї vartostі Stop viznachaєtsya vitratami suspіlno-neobhіdnogo robochem hour to virobnitstvo product. In protsesі mіzhgaluzevoї konkurentsії kapіtalіv vartіst peretvoryuєtsya on tsіnu virobnitstva scho zabezpechuє serednyu rate pributku on avansovany kapіtal. In Tsikh minds exposure The law vartostі proyavlyaєtsya through Oscillations rinkovih tsіn Navkolo tsіni virobnitstva, to dinamіka Ruhu ostannoї on natsіonalnih Rink spravlyaє viznachalny vpliv on dinamіku rinkovih tsіn.

Rinkova Rate - tse domіnuyucha on market analysis in vіdpovіdnomu hour vіdrіzku Rate on goods (Hotel, robots), scho viplachuєtsya for Demba in protsesі kupіvlі-sale Square od іndivіdualnih vitrat virobnikіv on yogo virobnitstvo i realіzatsіyu. In makroekonomіchnomu planі Cena rozglyadaєtsya yak nayvazhlivіshy strategіchny kriterіy scho harakterizuє kon'yunkturu market analysis, oskіlki, s one side, won vplivaє її at the camp, and z іnshogo - Je result її rozvitku. Aje dinamіka Ruhu tsіni pov'yazana іz zmіnami of Quality in th obsyazі virobnitstva product that Offers yogo on market analysis, h i platospromozhnіstyu spozhivachіv rіvnem spozhivannya them danogo product, trademark obsyagom zapasіv, іz zagalnim ekonomіchnim pitched toscho of companies.

Zmіna tsіni vіdbuvaєtsya pid dієyu low tsіnoutvoryuvalnih faktorіv. In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі nayvazhlivіshimi Sered them Je suspіlna Cena virobnitstva, spіvvіdnoshennya popitu i Offers, tempo іnflyatsії i kupіvelna spromozhnіst pennies stupіn sovereign admіnіstrativnogo th ekonomіchnogo regulyuvannya tsіn, camp tsіnovoї th netsіnovoї konkurentsії, stupіn monopolіzatsії virobnitstva. Krіm name, on rіven tsіn vplivayut th takі tsіno-utvoryuvalnі factors SSMSC dіyut deprivation on okremih Etap rozvitku inventory penny vіdnosin, yak napriklad, minds deliveries of goods, vzaєmovіdnosini mіzh owner i pokuptsem, sposіb Ruhu produktsії od virobnika to spozhivacha (nulovy rіven, if Produkciya realіzuєtsya virobnikom through Vlasnyi torgovelnu trammel, odnorіvnevy - through poserednika rozdrіbnogo traders dvorіvnevy - through wholesale i rozdrіbnogo traders trirіvnevy - if Produkciya realіzuєtsya troma poserednikami - wholesale, drіbnooptovim i rozdrіbnim) and takozh frankuvannya tsіni, tobto on until її warehouse on Pevnyi minds vitrat on strahuvannya i shipping product. On vnutrіshnomu vіtchiznyanomu Rinku priynyato rozrіznyati tsіni "Franco-stantsіya vіdpravlennya" i "Franco-stantsіya priznachennya". In Persha vipadku vitrati delivery produktsії od stantsії vіdpravlennya to Georeferencing priznachennya bere on itself pokupets product, and in another - virobnik produktsії chi postachalnitska FIRMA.

On dinamіku tsіn vplivaє i spіvvіdnoshennya Monetary kursіv rіznih kraїn, hoch pershoosnovoyu such spіvvіdnoshennya Je spіvvіdnoshennya kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі natsіonalnih pennies. Tse poyasnyuєtsya vіdokremlenіstyu to vіdomogo stage natsіonalnih ekonomіk od zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї sphere nayvazhlivіshoyu warehouses yakoї Je svіtova torgіvlya. Mehanіzm vplivu tsogo proyavlyaєtsya factor in the fact scho at pіdvischennі rate natsіonalnoї currency іmporter zaplatiti responsible for the goods pevnoї Kraina in svoїy valyutі bіlshe pennies nіzh vіn by paying ranіshe. In rezultatі znizhuєtsya konkurentospromozhnіst tovarіv Kraina, scho zdіysnila revalvatsіyu svoїh pennies. Vodnochase Kraina, scho devalvuyut natsіonalnu currency pіdvischuyut konkurentospromozhnіst svoїh tovarіv, oskіlki іmporter for such minds platitime for them svoєyu currency less then, nіzh ranіshe. Іnshimi words, when revalvatsії Yakscho pennies on sutі, Got Location pіdvischennya tsіn on natsіonalnі goods, when devalvatsії - navpaki, їh znizhennya.

In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі funktsіonuyut kіlka vidіv rinkovih tsіn. S bunt them Je optovі th rozdrіbnі tsіni, scho shaping can nabuvati rіznoї FORMS fallow minds od їh zastosuvannya in protsesі kupіvlі-sale. Optovі - tse takі tsіni for yakimi pіdpriєmstva realіzuyut his produktsіyu great partіyami vsіm kategorіyam spozhivachіv, krіm population. Rozdrіbnі - tse tsіni for yakimi population kupuє goods in rozdrіbnіy torgіvlі for zadovolennya Vlasnyi required. Yakscho Flea kupuyutsya s odnochasnoyu viplatoyu (pererahunkom) pennies, rozdrіbnі th optovі tsіni carols form gotіvkovih and Yakscho s vіdstrochennyam viplati - the Credit. In vipadkah, if Cena viznachaєtsya yak gotіvkova, ale pokupets through vіdsutnіst from Demba gotіvki bere goods from credit vіn viplachuє vlasniku product interest on rіvnі faktichnoї bankіvskoї protsentnoї rates for all perіod vіdstrochennya payments viznachenogo for domovlenіstyu storіn.

Optovі i rozdrіbnі tsіni toil pritamannu їm structure scho bezposeredno vіdbivayutsya on rіvnі Tsikh tsіn. Zagalna tsіni structure is shown in Fig. 17.1.

Osnovnі strukturnі Elements tsіni

Fig. 17.1. Osnovnі strukturnі Elements tsіni

When ukladannі contract peredbachuvanu in nomu Wholesale tsіnu for goods s advance zumovlenimi yakіsnimi characteristics nazivayut base. Vaughn staє factuality tsіnoyu for goods todі, if peredbachenі in kontraktі minds obopіlno Realized owner i pokuptsem. In іnshomu razі base Cena vikoristovuєtsya yak vihіdna in negotiations with parties mіzh viznachennі faktichnoї tsіni product vіdpovіdno to zmіnenih spozhivchih vlastivostey Yogo.

Faktichnі tsіni for contracts nazivayut tsіnami factual grounds. Pong publіkuyutsya in spetsіalnih dovіdnikah (price lists) i rozglyadayutsya yak Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhliva іnformatsіya for pіdpriєmtsіv, oskіlki vikoristovuєtsya them at obґruntuvannі base tsіn in protsesі ukladannya novih kontraktіv. Krіm zaznachenoї tsіni in kraїnah comes regularly publіkuyutsya tsіni auktsіonіv i torgіv, bіrzhovі quotes and takozh tsіni Offers great fіrm-virobnikіv, rіven yakih zaznachaєtsya in ofertі (Offers) Tsikh fіrm.

Bіrzhovі kotiruvannya - tse tsіni for contracts kupіvlі-sale, scho ukladayutsya on goods standartnoї of Quality in ofіtsіynі chasi robots bіrzhі protyagom day.

Rozrіznyayut transfertnі tsіni takozh, scho obslugovuyut operatsії mіzh monopolієyu that її fіlіalami. On pіdstavі Tsikh tsіn viznachaєtsya vnutrіshnofіrmovy turnover.

In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі vikoristovuєtsya i TAKE ponyattya, yak is competitive Cena. Vaughn formuєtsya of minds, if one i the same goods viroblyaєtsya bagatma tovarovirobnikami. Competitive - tse taka Rate for yakoyu prodayutsya svіy goods golovnі tovarovirobniki competitors. Tom cutaneous pіdpriєmstvo scho viroblyaє іdentichny product vstanovlyuyuchi on Demba tsіnu, Obey obov'yazkovo vrahovuvati competitive tsіnu i note by viznachati his strategіchnu lіnіyu povedіnki on market analysis. Yakscho goods pіdpriєmstva for svoєyu yakіstyu not postupaєtsya goods provіdnih tovarovirobnikіv-konkurentіv, znizivshi tsіnu on Demba porіvnyano s competitive tsіnoyu, vono Mauger rozrahovuvati on rozshirennya svoєї nіshі in market analysis. Well Yakscho for themselves Tsikh minds pіdpriєmstvo pіdvischit tsіnu for nasichenogo Rinku tse neminuche prizvede to vtrati pіdpriєmstvom svoєї pozitsії on nomu (Fig. 17.2), and otzhe, i to pogіrshennya Svoge ekonomіchnogo camp. Pіdpriєmstvo Mauger vstanoviti vischu tsіnu on svіy goods porіvnyano s competitors for minds, scho Got vono already nadіyny segment market analysis i proponuє spozhivacham goods maintained upstream yakіsnimi s characteristics.

Zalezhnіst chastki pіdpriєmstva in market analysis od spіvvіdnoshennyatsіni pіdpriєmstva s competitive tsіnoyu

Fig. 17.2. Zalezhnіst chastki pіdpriєmstva in market analysis od spіvvіdnoshennyatsіni pіdpriєmstva s competitive tsіnoyu; Cr - koefіtsієnt tsіnovogospіvvіdnoshennya scho viznachaєtsya dіlennyam tsіni pіdpriєmstvana competitive tsіnu

Slіd pam'yatati, scho at vstanovlennі tsіni pіdpriєmstvo obov'yazkovo vrahovuє vitrati on virobnitstvo odinitsі produktsії. Chim stink menshі, team Vishcha for іnshih odnakovih minds tsіnova konkurentospromozhnіst product, otzhe, team bіlshe pіdpriєmstvo Mauger zniziti his tsіnu porіvnyano s konkuruyuchoyu tsіnoyu s metoyu realіzatsії strategії proniknennya on rinok.

Іstotnoyu osoblivіstyu sіlskogo Gospodarstwa i Rinku sіlskogospodarskih tovarіv Yea those scho here dіє rental tsіnoutvorennya principle, pov'yazany s obmezhenіstyu zemlі yak natural resource i, nasampered, її naybіlsh rodyuchih dіlyanok. Tom agrarnі pіdpriєmstva, SSMSC toil Krashchi th serednі for rodyuchіstyu zemlі, realіzuyuchi his produktsіyu for rinkovimi tsіnami, scho pid sklalisya dієyu popitu i Offers that іnshih tsіnoutvoryuvalnih faktorіv, oderzhuyut, krіm "normal pributku" diferentsіalnu rent I. Vodnochase pіdpriєmstva s vіdnosno gіrshimi lands for serednogo rіvnya gospodaryuvannya oderzhuyut deprivation "normal" dohіd (Prybutok) yak rіznitsyu mіzh rinkovoyu tsіnoyu on produktsіyu i vitratami on її virobnitstvo.

Pіdpriєmstva, SSMSC through sub'єktivnі Reason viroblyayut produktsіyu s temple sobіvartіstyu scho perevischuє rinkovu tsіnu, zaznayut zbitkіv od її realіzatsії (Fig. 17.3). Dwellers will win Prybutok, stink, zvichayno, mozhut pіdvischiti tsіnu, nayіmovіrnіshe ale, scho bude taka Produkciya proіgnorovana spozhivachami.

Rozmіr i dohodіv agrarian structure of companies

Fig. 17.3. Rozmіr i dohodіv agrarian structure of companies, scho vikoristovuyut rіznі for rodyuchіstyu zemlі

Fig. 17.3 virobnichі vitrati on virobnitstvo produktsії maintained upstream in the (I), serednіh (II) i gіrshih (III) for rodyuchіstyu lands poznachenі Yak BB; DR - diferentsіalna rent I; NP - "normal" Prybutok scho stvoryuєtsya on gіrshih lands for serednogo rіvnya gospodaryuvannya; W - zbitok scho zaznayut pіdpriєmstva in yakih virobnichі vitrati perevischuyut rinkovu tsіnu. Tom so pіdpriєmstvam potrіbno vіdmovitisya od virobnitstva zbitkovoї produktsії, zmіnivshi svіy profіl dіyalnostі, abo Well get used to radically zahodіv schodo skorochennya vitrat on odinitsyu produktsії.

Osoblivіstyu tsіnoutvorennya i tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu Yea those scho on bіlshostі її vidіv proyavlyaєtsya Seasonal Oscillations tsіn. Zokrema, grain, Sonyashnyk, Vegetables, bashtannі tsіni іstotno znizhuyutsya pid hour masovogo Zborov vrozhayu i in Pochatkova pіslya zbirannya perіod. The away tsіni pochinayut zrostati i nerіdko dosyagayut Svoge s maximum nablizhennyam zbiralnogo the following season (corn, Sonyashnyk). On okremі Vidi tvarinnitskoї produktsії, napriklad milk yaytsya, Seasonal Oscillations tsіn pov'yazane Zi zmіnoyu obsyagu virobnitstva i Offers produktsії protyagom rock. Skazhіmo, s nastannyam osenі zmenshuєtsya nadіy cow i znizhuєtsya nesuchіst chickens and otzhe, zmenshuєtsya propozitsіya i yaєts milk on the agricultural market analysis, i yak naslіdok - zrostayut tsіni on tsі Vidi produktsії. W i nastannyam spring in lіtnyu time, if zrostaє produktivnіst tvarin, tsіni Dana produktsіyu znizhuyutsya.

Nayavnіst takoї obstavini vimagaє of acceptance spetsіalnih organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnih zahodіv macro- i mіkrorіvnyah s metoyu zmenshennya seasonal Oscillations tsіn, od yakogo often poterpayut agrarnі pіdpriєmstva. The away E slit povernemosya to tsієї problem.

Ninі on deyakі goods, in addition chislі sіlskogospodarskogo pohodzhennya, vstanovlyuyutsya visokі so zvanі psihologіchnі tsіni, rozrahovanі deprivation on the category okremі pokuptsіv, SSMSC gotovі Tsey buy expensive goods viklyuchno for yogo unіkalnі vlastivostі, prestizhnіst. For such tsіnami realіzuєtsya, napriklad, sіlskogospodarska Produkciya, viroblena alternative sіlskim Gospodarstwa without zastosuvannya mіneralnih Welcome, stimulyatorіv i pestitsidіv. Rіven psihologіchnih tsіn on zgadanu produktsіyu 2 Razi i bіlshe perevischuє zvichaynі tsіni. When їh vstanovlennі neobhіdno thoroughly vivchiti rinok, urahuvati kupіvelnu spromozhnіst she Interests spozhivachіv, faktichnі vitrati pіdpriєmstva on virobnitstvo takoї produktsії s tim, dwellers, s one side, Cena has not been viewed nizkoyu for virobnika, tobto with such a scho not bring Yomou priynyatnoї normalized pributku and s іnshogo, dwellers do not Won bula Nadto temple through i tse not galmuvala zbut produktsії.

In kraїnah s rozvinutoyu rinkovoyu ekonomіkoyu іsnuyut pіdtrimuyuchі tsіni on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu. Detail about them in ytimetsya temі 24. Here zaznachimo deprivation, scho pіdtrimuyuchі - tse takі tsіni scho vstanovlyuyutsya powers for dosyagnennya paritetnostі sіlskogo Gospodarstwa s Galuzo promislovostі and takozh for zabezpechennya normal rіvnya dohodnostі farms іz serednіm i vischim for serednogo rіvnem gospodaryuvannya Rocky h nespriyatlivoyu rinkovoyu kon'yunkturoyu.

Іsnuyut takozh svіtovі tsіni for goods, in addition chislі th sіlskogospodarskogo pohodzhennya. Svіtovі tsіni - tse tsіni lands on velikі partії tovarіv, ukladenih in the main centers svіtovoї torgіvlі minds on payment in vіlnokonvertovanіy valyutі. Slіd rozrіznyati ponyattya svіtovoї tsіni i tsіn mіzhnarodnogo market analysis. In such a market analysis domіnuyuchoyu Je svіtova Cena against іsnuyut here i tsіni okremih kraїn-eksporterіv, tsіni bіrzh i auktsіonіv, tsіni okremih vіdomih fіrm, ale OOO All stink vstanovlyuyutsya s orієntatsієyu on svіtovі tsіni.

Cena in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі Je vazhlivim regulator її rozvitku. For virobnikіv i spozhivachіv Won - Tse of the orієntir, yaky daє zmogu їm priymati pravilnі rіshennya: scho SAME viroblyati, if i viroblyati skіlki, scho i skіlki kupuvati. Skazhіmo, zrostannya tsіni stimulyuє virobnika zbіlshuvati virobnitstvo product, zadovolnyayuchi note by INCREASING popit spozhivachіv. Yakscho Quantity spozhivachіv, SSMSC hochut i mozhut Tsey buy goods for pіdvischenoyu tsіnoyu, stabіlіzuєtsya, nastaє rіvnovaga on market analysis mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu. Cena in danomu vipadku vikonala stimulyuyuchu i sinhronіzuyuchu funktsії. Vodnochase in protsesі svoїh dinamіchnih for Change Rate vikonuє i signaling funktsіyu, oskіlki orієntuє tovarovirobnikіv on efektivnosti pererozpodіl resursіv mіzh virobnitstv views. Yakscho, napriklad, sposterіgaєtsya tendentsіya to znizhennya tsіni pork i pіdvischennya on yalovichinu, tse Yea signal that scho Chastain resursіv іz svinarstva ekonomіchno VJ pravdali napraviti on priskoreny rozvitok skotarstva i note by dosyagti bіlshoї ekonomіchnoї Vigoda.

So rank, in the minds Rinku virobniki proyavlyayut vipravdany ratsіonalіzm, namagayuchis viroblyati takі goods, SSMSC mozhut bring їm in danih minds Maximum ekonomіchnu Vigoda. Zrozumіlo scho stink nіkoli not viroblyatimut product on yaky Absent popitu abo Yakscho yogo Cena not zabezpechuє dostatnogo s point Zora virobnika rіvnya dohodnostі. Vodnochase ratsіonalіzm pokuptsіv viyavlyaєtsya in fact, scho stink kupuyut goods of the seller, yaky proponuє nizhchu tsіnu for analogіchny goods abo Well the very tsіnu, ale for the minds Yogo kraschoї of Quality. Tacke dіalektichne protirіchchya mіzh іnteresami virobnikіv i spozhivachіv stimulyuє virobnitstvo in napryamі zbіlshennya Key infrastructure potrіbnih i yakіsnih tovarіv s odnochasnim zabezpechennyam ekonomіchno neobhіdnogo rіvnya dohodnostі. Yak bachimo, rinkova Cena at sutі, Je yakіsnim pokaznikom efektivnostі one s virіshalnih faktorіv scho vplivaє of acceptance on upravlіnskih rіshen at viborі structure (assortment) virobnitstva produktsії th vstanovlennі obsyagu її virobnitstva.

Tsіni minds in market analysis povinnі Buti adaptive, quickly tobto reaguvati on zmіni in popitі th Offers, competitive seredovischі have vitratah virobnikіv themselves. Adaptatsіya Mauger zdіysnyuvatisya rіznimi ways fallow od konkretnoї situatsії scho sklalasya on market analysis: vstanovlennyam rіznih allowances i znizhok, znizhennyam abo pіdvischennyam rіvnya tsіni, viplatoyu kompensatsіy toscho. Napriklad, fіrmi kraїn Sunset zastosovuyut znizhki to tsіni on nesezonnі goods, dilerskі znizhki for poserednikіv Zi zbutu produktsії, vibіrkovі znizhki scho nadayutsya deprivation okremim kategorіyam pokuptsіv have of order yakih zaіnteresovany Seller (virobnik) znizhki for Povernennya ranіshe purchased goods, eksportnі znizhki toscho . In ekonomіchnomu vigrashі perebuvayut pіdpriєmstva, SSMSC for іnshih odnakovih minds doskonalo vikoristovuyut adaptive mehanіzm tsіn for goods Vlasnyi virobnitstva.