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Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG

17.3. Tsіnoutvorennya i tsіni on Suchasnyj etapі rozvitku rinkovoї Economy

In the minds of Planning and Economy tsentralіzovanoї tsіnoutvorennya rozglyadalosya yak nayvazhlivіsha funktsіya powers. Realіzatsіya tsієї funktsії on praktitsі zvodilasya to tsentralіzovanogo vstanovlennya vіdpovіdnimi Reigning authorities rіvnіv tsіn i tarifіv on All types promislovoї i sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії. Mali Tovarovirobniki not right samostіyno vstanovlyuvati tsіni on viroblenu produktsіyu them (robots Hotel) i vibirati channeling її realіzatsії and to agrarnі pіdpriєmstva not tsіkavila kon'yunktura market analysis on kіntsevu produktsіyu.

Metodologіya tsіnoutvorennya ґruntuvalasya on viznachennі for vіdpovіdnimi natural areas neobhіdnih (yak usually serednіh) vitrat on virobnitstvo produktsії sіlskogo Gospodarstwa i dodavannyam to them pevnoї pributku Sumi, scho vidіlyalasya tsentralіzovano, vihodyachi s budget mozhlivostey th sub'єktivnoї otsіnki dostatnostі tsієї sumi for normal rozvitku sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva. INSHI factorization tsіnoutvorennya skіlki nebudu vіdchutnoї rolі at vstanovlennі tsіn not vіdіgravali.

Nayіstotnіshim nedolіkom tsentralіzovanoї Sistemi tsіnoutvorennya, sformovanoї in the minds ekstensivnogo rozvitku Economy, Bulo those scho vstanovlyuvanі zverhu zhorstko fіksovanі tsіni nespromozhnі boule vikonuvati role vazhlivogo ekonomіchnogo vazhelya rozvitku national Gospodarstwa, oskіlki їh funktsії boule zvedenі perevazhno to vikonannya oblіkovo-rozrahunkovih operatsіy. Tsіni not celebrated regulyuyuchogo vplivu on zbalansuvannya popitu i Offers, Wkra nedostatno stimulyuvali pіdvischennya of Quality produktsії th priskorennya vprovadzhennya dosyagnen NTP in virobnitstvo not vіdobrazhali for bagatma views produktsії suspіlno neobhіdnih vitrat on її virobnitstvo not vrahovuvali Povny mіroyu spozhivchih tovarіv characteristics.

Tsentralіzovane vstanovlennya tsіn i tarifіv vіdstoronyuvalo spozhivachіv od Process tsіnoutvorennya i CIM porodzhuvalo tsіnovy dictates virobnikіv, Especially monopolіzovanih, znizhuvalo vimogi to them schodo zabezpechennya neobhіdnoї of Quality produktsії. Orієntatsіya on vіdshkoduvannya іndivіdualnih vitrat at vstanovlennі tsіn a number vidіv produktsії granted a permission Bhagat pіdpriєmstvam oderzhuvati pributki navіt in the minds nizkoefektivnogo Keeping virobnitstva i bezgospodarnostі. NEGATIVE th Bulo those scho system vіtchiznyanih tsіn formuvalasya without urahuvannya rіvnya i dinamіki svіtovih tsіn.

H transition to rinkovoї Economy Postal zavdannya dokorіnnoї perebudovi mehanіzmu tsіnoutvorennya, vіdmovi od ustalenih stereotipіv, if i teorіya practice spirals on costly kontseptsіyu tsіn vіdtvoryuvalnogo rіvnya. For Rocky perehіdnogo perіodu Bula priynyata lower regulatory aktіv on vprovadzhennya novoї іdeologії formuvannya tsіn. Їh rіven spochatku on Promyslova produktsіyu (resources) for sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv on servіsnі Hotel and i pіznіshe on produktsіyu sіlskogo Gospodarstwa stopped Buti kontrolovanim powers. CCB zdіysneny perehіd to lіberalіzovanogo tsіnoutvorennya and oznachaє Tse, scho on teritorії Ukraine became dіyati єdinі tsіni on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu without їh zonalnoї diferentsіatsії, yak Tse Bulo in the minds of Planning and Economy tsentralіzovanoї.

Power spochatku zmenshuvala Reigning of order on zakupіvlyu okremih vidіv sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії for zadovolennya zagalnoderzhavnih required, and potіm povnіstyu vіdmovilasya od derzhkontraktіv, SSMSC garantuvali agrarian pіdpriєmstvam vigіdnu tsіnu realіzatsії. At sorry, we protsesі takoї lіberalіzatsії tsіnoutvorennya Power povnіstyu vtratila control tsіnami vsіh agribusiness fields. Process zrostannya tsіn becoming nekerovanim. Ale Yakscho pіdvischennya tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu i food strimuvalosya nizkim platospromozhnim popitom population, zrostannya tsіn on Promyslova produktsіyu for potreb village vіdbuvalosya nestrimno. Visokiy rіven monopolіzatsії of companies of I agribusiness Davao їm mozhlivіst vershiti tsіnovy diktat oskіlki vіdpovіdnih Antimonopoly zahodіv priynyato not Bulo.

Vodnochase not can not take up uwagi i Visokiy stupіn monopolіzatsії pererobnih i zagotіvelnih of companies. Zavdyaki such encampments stink spromozhnі vershiti tsіnovy diktat on Ti Vidi produktsії, SSMSC through svoї tehnologіchnі vlastivostі not shaping can Buti i zberezhenimi pereroblenimi agrarian pіdpriєmstvami. In Tsikh minds agrarnі pіdpriєmstva yak nosії Offers through its rozoseredzhenіst i priv'yazanіst to Pevnyi sirovinnih zones spravlyayut not dosit іstotny vpliv on formuvannya tsіn for bagatma views produktsії, scho negatively on vіdbivaєtsya stanі їh Economy. Ruh tsіni for such obstavin Mauger pіdporyadkovuvatisya not stіlki spіvvіdnoshennyu mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu, skіlki stage monopolіzatsії virobnitstva in tehnologіchno zv'yazanih іz sіlskim Gospodarstwa Galuzo agriculture.

Negativnі processes in tsіnoutvorennі posilyuvalisya temple іnflyatsії pace. In rezultatі dії rozglyanutih chinnikіv narostaet RPPOs mіzh pace pіdvischennya tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu i on produktsіyu promislovostі that virobnichі Hotel, scho agrarian virobnicho spozhivayutsya pіdpriєmstvami. Tobto in danomu razі CCB proіgnorovany vazhlivy principle rozvitku: ekonomіka whether yakoї the Branch, in addition chislі i sіlskogo Gospodarstwa, deposits od spіvvіdnoshennya tsіn pridbannya (tsіn on resources, scho virobnicho spozhivayutsya in danomu razі in sіlskomu gospodarstvі) i tsіn realіzatsії. Before tsogo power mi slit povernemosya in pіdrozdіlі 17.5. Immediately zaznachimo scho dokorіnna zmіna printsipіv tsіnoutvorennya, Nabutov practice formuvannya tsіn in agricultural sektorі Economy for ostannі Rocky perekonlivo brought scho tsіnova polіtika guilty ґruntuvatisya on poєdnannі vіlnogo tsіnoutvorennya s Reigning regulyuvannyam tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu i posilennyam antimonopoly control over tsіnami on the resources of I spherical AIC (tehnіku, mіneralnі dobriva, otrutohіmіkati toscho), on the one energonosії virobnichі Hotel for sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv.

Slіd zaznachiti, scho on Suchasnyj etapі (2002 p.) Has priynyato low zahodіv schodo vdoskonalennya tsіnovoї polіtiki. Tse prizvelo to polіpshennya tsіnovoї situatsії on selі. Sformuvalisya novі Vidi tsіn, uniquely zrіs in 2000-2001 pp. їh rіven on deyakі Vidi sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії (tab. 17.1).

table 17.1

RІVEN SEREDNOREALІZATSІYNIH TSІN ON OSNOVNІ VIDI SІLSKOGOSPODARSKOЇ PRODUKTSІЇ, REALІZOVANOЇ agrarian PІDPRIЄMSTVAMI

* Wheat class III without MPE on bіrzhovih bid leaf fall 2001 p 18-19.

** On Sonyashnyk II class without VAT.

For center kriterієm (rіvnya) vstanovlennya i regulyuvannya tsіn for goods (produktsіyu), Robot i Hotel mozhna oznachiti takі Vidi tsіn scho dіyut on Suchasnyj etapі:

1. Dogovіrnі tsіni. Їh rіven viznachaєtsya in ambushes domovlenostі mіzh virobnikom produktsії (owner) i spozhivachem (pokuptsem) at ukladannі mіzh them dogovorіv kupіvlі-sale. For such tsіnami agrarnі pіdpriєmstva realіzuyut his produktsіyu pererobnim pіdpriєmstvam (i milk- Creamery, m'yasokombіnatam, ELEVATOR toscho) that rіznim zagotіvelnim organіzatsіyam (poserednikam). For vzaєmnoyu Zgoda storіn vkazanі tsіni mozhut koriguvatisya vіdpovіdno to zmіni kon'yunkturi Rinku i platospromozhnostі population.

2. Vіlnі rinkovі tsіni. Pong formuyutsya pid vplivom popitu i Offers, scho pid hour sklalisya realіzatsії produktsії. W tsogo urahuvannyam dії factor virobnik samostіyno viznachaє rіven danih tsіn. Rіznovidom vіlnih rinkovih tsіn Je bіrzhovі tsіni (grain, Sonyashnyk, Zukor, olіyu, partії tvarin toscho) and takozh tsіni for yakimi pіdpriєmstvo chi poserednik realіzuє produktsіyu through Vlasnyi torgovelnu trammel. Power Mauger spravlyati pobіchny vpliv on formuvannya vіlnih i dogovіrnih tsіn through ekonomіchnі vazhelі (kredituvannya minds, opodatkuvannya) i Carrying vіdpovіdnoї antimonopolnoї polіtiki.

3. Regulovanі tsіni. Power spravlyaє regulyuyuchy vpliv on rіven tsіn on okremі Vidi sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії through mehanіzm vstanovlennya Zastavna tsіn. So, zgіdno s Decree of the President of Ukraine "About nevіdkladnі come in for stimulyuvannyu virobnitstva i rozvitku grain market analysis" (Cherven 2000 r.) Takі tsіni vvedenі grain s metoyu podolannya negatively naslіdkіv season i kon'yunkturnih Oscillations obsyagіv sale i tsіn on Tsey view produktsії i on hlіboprodukti. Vkazana meta small dosyagatisya through zakupіvlyu Reigning aktsіonernoyu kompanієyu "Hlіb Ukraine" grain from sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv in season zbirannya cereal for Zastavna tsіnami.

Printsipovo vazhlivim in mehanіzmі Zastavna tsіn Yea those scho for tovarovirobnikami zberіgaєtsya right Zabrat buildings in the outpost grain protyagom eight months at i prodatsya for rinkovimi tsіnami, Yakscho stink perevischuvatimut Zastavna tsіnu, vіdshkoduvavshi at tsomu vitrati on zberіgannya zgіdno s vstanovlenimi roztsіnkami (in 2000 r., napriklad, roztsіnka priymannya for 1 ton of grain becomes 9 UAH per zberіgannya її protyagom mіsyatsya - 5 UAH per i sushіnnya grain - 10 UAH per 1 m). Otzhe, Zastavna Cena vikonuє funktsіyu pіdtrimuyuchih tsіn and to її prisutnіst on market analysis Je vazhlivim factor zabezpechennya stabіlnoї robots agrarian minds of companies in nespriyatlivoї kon'yunkturi on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu. For 2001, p. Kabіnetom Mіnіstrіv Ukraine zatverdzheno Taqiy rіven Zastavna tsіn grain of basis konditsіy (VAT excluded): wheat m'yaku III class - 430 UAH. for 1 ton, class IV - V class 390 i -. 340 UAH per 1 ton Vrahovuyuchi іstotne zbіlshennya virobnitstva grain in 2001 p. (Mayzhe 40 million tonnes versus 24.3 million tonnes in 2000 r.), Has given rise to scho tendentsіyu to znizhennya tsіn on Tsey view produktsії, vstanovlennya such rіvnya Zastavna tsіn little for Meta zabezpechiti tsіnovu stabіlnіst on grain market analysis i dati zmogu sіlskogospodarskim tovarovirobnikam otrimati Prybutok. At sorry dosyagti tsogo not away through nizky obsyag Zastavna purchases of grain, zumovleny nestacheyu koshtіv zdіysnennya for such purchases obsyagom 2-2.5 million tons of grain.

In 2002 r. zastavnі operatsії steel zdіysnyuvatisya rіznimi Yurydychna structures (vikonavtsyami) - a winner tender.

Power spravlyaє directly regulyuyuchy vpliv on rіven tsіn on the outside at mitomu voloknі, sheepskin i karakul lambskin that through vstanovlennya quotas zakupіvlyu Tsikh vidіv produktsії for zadovolennya Reigning potreb i vstanovlennya regulovanih zakupіvelnih tsіn them, scho uniquely perevischuyut dіyuchі dogovіrnі tsіni. Napriklad, 2000 p. regulovana zakupіvelna Price per 1 m outward from mitomu voloknі becomes 11,300 USD, if todі dіyucha POA Cena lishe 4800 UAH.

4. Granichnі (tsentralіzovano-fіksovanі) tsіni. Vstanovlyuyutsya powers on produktsіyu (Resources) is the Hotel, SSMSC spravlyayut іstotny vpliv on zagalny rіven i dinamіku tsіn at national gospodarstvі i virobnitstvo yakih zoseredzheno in structures (Galuzo, ob'єdnannyah, pіdpriєmstvah), scho zaymayut monopoly encampment at the market. Tse nasampered, stosuєtsya such resursіv, yak vugіllya, naphtha, elektroenergіya gas. Svoєrіdnimi boundary tsіnami Je rіznomanіtnі tariffs. Before tsentralіzovano-fіksovanih tarifіv vіdnosyatsya zalіznichny tariffs for transport - charges carried vantazhіv i pasazhirіv zalіznoyu the way.

Granichnі tsіni on produktsіyu sіlskogospodarskogo pohodzhennya vstanovlyuyutsya in nashіy derzhavі on tsukrovy beet (sirovinu) i on Zukor vіdpovіdno to the Law of Ukraine "About Reigning regulyuvannya virobnitstva i realіzatsії tsukru" (Lipen 1999 p.). Zgіdno s CIM Law Kabіnet Mіnіstrіv Ukraine schorіchno 1 sіchnya stream rock vstanovlyuє mіnіmalnu tsіnu on tsukrovі Buriak, SSMSC postavlyayutsya on virobnitstvo tsukru quotas "A" i quota "B", that mіnіmalnu tsіnu on Zukor quotas "A" іz zastosuvannyam schomіsyachnih іndeksіv іnflyatsії. Mіnіmalna Cena vstanovlyuєtsya on rіvnі, scho Tsikh zabezpechuє pributkovіst virobnitstva vidіv produktsії.

5. Іndikativnі tsіni. Vstanovlyuyutsya on obmezhene colo tovarіv at zdіysnennі sub'єktami zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі Ukraine eksportno-іmportnih operatsіy. Pid such tsіnami for danoї spherical dіyalnostі rozumіyut tsіni for goods SSMSC vіdpovіdayut rіvnyam tsіn on vіdpovіdny goods, scho sklalisya on Rink eksportu that іmportu at the time zdіysnennya eksportnoї (іmportnoї) operatsії s urahuvannyam drain supply is the brain zdіysnennya rozrahunkіv, viznachenih vіdpovіdno to zakonodavstva Ukraine.

Sub'єkti zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі Ukraine viznachayut kontraktnі tsіni on dogovіrnih ambushes s urahuvannyam popitu that Offers and takozh іnshih faktorіv, SSMSC dіyut on vіdpovіdnih Rink hour ukladannya zovnіshnoekonomіchnih land (kontraktіv). Prote on okremі Vidi tovarіv kontraktnі tsіni povinnі znahoditisya in furrows іndikativnih tsіn. Until such tovarіv nalezhat: Ti, schodo yakih eksportu zastosovano come in abo rozpochato antidempіngovі rozslіduvannya chi procedure in Ukraїnі abo for її mezhami; schodo yakih zastosovuyutsya spetsіalnі іmportnі PROCEDURE vіdpovіdno to the station. 19 Law of Ukraine "About zovnіshnoekonomіchnu dіyalnіst" (stosuyutsya mіzhnarodnih torgіv i regime poperednіh іmportnih depozitіv, scho making up bankіv); schodo yakih vstanovleno mode kvotuvannya i lіtsenzuvannya abo spetsіalnі rehearse; PRODUCTS, eksport yakih zdіysnyuєtsya in order peredbachenomu Art. 20 Law "On zovnіshnoekonomіchnu dіyalnіst" (stosuєtsya produktsії monopoly structures), and takozh in іnshih vipadkah on vikonannya mіzhnarodnih zobov'yazan Ukraine.

When viznachennі rіvnya іndikativnih tsіn take up to uwagi peredusіm chinnі Ukraїnі in standardization of Quality produktsії, camp kon'yunkturi zovnіshnіh i vnutrіshnіh rinkіv, tsіnova іnformatsіya about serednі rіvnі tsіn scho sklalisya on vіdpovіdnomu geografіchnomu zbutu market analysis, forecast schodo mozhlivogo Oscillations tsіn toscho. Іndikativnі tsіni for goods pereglyadayutsya schomіsyachno. Napriklad on lyuty 2002 p. vstanovleny Taqiy rіven zaznachenih tsіn, dolarіv per tonne: m'yaso velikoї rogatoї thinness in zhivіy masі for minds, scho head is not one vazhit bіlshe 350 kg, - 1200-1300, hope 350 kg - 1000-1100, Nasinnya Sonyashnyk crushing abo not broken at olіynostі 43% - 240, rizhіy - 150 Nasinnya Llona - 205 shkіri velikoї rogatoї thinness Perche ґatunku mokrosolenі - 1600-1700, another ґatunku - 1450-1550.

Agrarnі pіdpriєmstva mozhut prodavatsya one i the same kind produktsії rіznoї of Quality for rіznimi channels realіzatsії that in rіznі line. Pid vplivom Tsikh faktorіv Cena Dana produktsіyu Mauger kolivatisya, i dosit іstotno. Nayvigіdnіshim bude one channel realіzatsії, yaky zabezpechuє nayvischu tsіnu. Vodnochase for pіdpriєmstva vazhlivo nobility, yak train serednorealіzatsіyna Rate on produktsіyu sklalasya for Pevnyi vіdrіzok hour. Її viznachayut pіdsumovuvannyam groshovoї viruchki od realіzatsії produktsії for vsіma channels zbutu i dіlennyam the following result for the whole obsession obsyag realіzatsії produktsії danogo mind.

In the great agrarian pіdpriєmstvі mozhut dіyati so zvanі vnutrіshnogospodarskі tsіni i tariffs, yakimi odnі virobnichі pіdrozdіli prodayutsya sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu іnshim pіdrozdіlam abo nadayut їm pevnі virobnichі Hotel.