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Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG

17.5. Parity tsіn i yogo mehanіzm zabezpechennya in rinkovіy ekonomіtsі

Paritetnіst tsіn Je odnієyu s nayvazhlivіshih narodnogospodarskih problems yak guilty Buti vazhlivoyu Lanka Agrarian polіtiki powers. In Ukraїnі for ostannі Rocky assumptions іstotne torn down parity tsіn not korist sіlskogo Gospodarstwa. Vono Je result vplivu low chinnikіv, bezposerednya exposure The yakih spryamovana on pіdvischennya sobіvartostі sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії and mean i znizhennya dohodіv agrarian of companies, yak neodmіnno matim Location of minds stabіlnih tsіn on zgaduvanu produktsіyu abo Well with inadequate zrostannі їh spіvvіdnosno to zbіlshennya virobnichih vitrat, yak vіdbulosya s Square od sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv reasons.

HEAD chinnikom scho generally produces up zrostannya sobіvartostі sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії, Je pіdvischennya tsіn on materіalnі resources i Hotel, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya agrarian pіdpriєmstvami (tehnіku, mіneralnі dobriva th otrutohіmіkati, pal i suit kombіkormi, zapasnі Chastain, gas elektroenergіyu, agrohіmіchne obslugovuvannya repair toscho ). Pid dієyu tsogo chinnika vіdbuvaєtsya directly zrostannya sobіvartostі sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії an amount pіdvischennya tsіn on danі resources i Hotel, zvazhenih on obsyag їh spozhivannya.

Krіm of іz zrostannyam tsіn on promislovі materіalnі resources i Hotel pіdvischuєtsya sobіvartіst zasobіv virobnitstva Vlasnyi vigotovlennya (Nasinnya, feed), scho neminuche generally produces up viniknennya efekt "Echo of" - zbіlshennya vitrat in the following virobnichih cycles. Same tsogo manifested through efekta pryamі dodatkovі vitrati sіlskogo Gospodarstwa od pіdvischennya tsіn on promislovі resources i Hotel zrostayut dodatkovo to 20%. Tsey vіdsotok zmіnyuєtsya proportsіyno chasttsі produktsії Vlasnyi virobnitstva scho vikoristovuєtsya on virobniche spozhivannya.

Tretіm chinnikom zrostannya sobіvartostі produktsії sіlskogo Gospodarstwa Je bezposerednє pіdvischennya tsіn on neї. Tsey on Purshia look, paradox ekonomіchny vinikaє fact scho takі tsіni vodnochase vikonuyut role tsіn vnutrіshnosіlskogo turnover. Napriklad, pridbannya pіdpriєmstvom very best Nasinnya (elіti, the I reproduktsії) in nasіnnitskih spetsіalіzovanih Gospodarstwa zumovlyuє zrostannya vitrat for statte "Nasinnya i sadivny materіal". Krіm of іsnuyucha technique viznachennya INSURANCE platezhіv peredbachaє rozrahunok їh rozmіru through vtratu vrozhayu, otsіnenogo for sale tsіnoyu culture, i denote Won Visha, team bіlshimi will strahovі platezhі. Ostannі rozglyadayutsya in planuvannі th oblіku vitrati yak, scho vklyuchayutsya to sobіvartostі produktsії.

Sobіvartіst produktsії sіlskogo Gospodarstwa zrostaє i s Square od such agrarian reasons of companies, yak pіdvischennya bankіvskih interest rate for the loan, spravlyannya obov'yazkovih platezhіv for pіdvischenimi rates (napriklad, payment for the land), and takozh zrostannya zarobіtnoї pay pratsіvnikіv, zumovlene Reigning sotsіalnoyu polіtikoyu i kompensatsіyami їh dohodіv through іnflyatsіynі vtrati. Yak bachimo for dosyagnennya paritetnostі neobhіdno vrahovuvati not deprivation directly zrostannya tsіn on promislovі resources i Hotel, scho spozhivayutsya sіlskim Gospodarstwa and second INSHI rozglyanutі chinniki scho prizvodyat to pіdvischennya sobіvartostі sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії.

Meta vstanovlennya paritetnostі tsіn - stabіlіzuvati dinamіku tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu i dohodіv agrarian schodo of companies dinamіki tsіn i dohodіv in ekonomіtsі in tsіlomu. Dopuskaєmo, napriklad scho obsyag realіzatsії sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії becomes 35 billion USD, її Povny sobіvartіst - 28 billion Prybutok - 7 billion USD (35 - 28), and rіven rentabelnostі - 7: 28 = 25%. Over the minds zrostannya vitrat s Square od agrarian reasons of companies by 4.2 billion UAH tsіni on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu povinnі boule b pіdvischitisya to such rіvnya, dwellers efektivnіst sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva not znizilasya. Yakscho in rezultatі such zrostannya bude vіdshkodovano sіlskomu Gospodarstwa 4.2 billion USD, Prybutok at the Branch tsіy not zmіnitsya (35 + 4.2) - (28 + 4.2) = 7 billion UAH, ale at tsomu rіven rentabelnostі znizitsya 3, 3 pp i stanovitime 21.7%. Tse bezumovno, pogіrshit fіnansovy camp through the Branch zvuzhennya mozhlivostey for dodatkovih іnvestitsіy. Tsogo dwellers did not, sіlske Gospodarstwa Obey win a bіlshe income by the amount of yakoї zberіgaєtsya ranіshe dosyagnuty rіven rentabelnostі virobnitstva. For viznachennya tsogo income spochatku slіd rozrahuvati scrip pributku for yakoї dosyagaєtsya poperednіy rіven rentabelnostі (25%) of the minds scho vitrati zrosli 4.2 billion USD - 25% = (x • 100) (28 + 4.2 ); x = 8.05 billion USD. Zvіdsi dodatkovy dohіd sіlskogo Gospodarstwa not guilty stanoviti 4.2 billion USD and 5.25 billion USD [4.2 + (8.05 - 7)].

Guidance gіpotetichny analіz dozvolyaє peresvіdchitis in skladnostі problemi paritetnostі scho vimagaє doskonalogo mehanіzmu for її practical rozv'yazannya. In svіtovіy praktitsі priynyato vvazhati scho paritetnіst dosyagaєtsya todі, if in the following whether Money Does rotsі one i the same obsyag sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії agrarnі pіdpriєmstva mozhut buy Taku very Quantity Promyslova tovarіv i poslug, yak stink pridbali in poperednі paritetnі prophets. Dosyagti tsogo possible for minds, if vitrimuvatimetsya stale spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh tsіnami on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu i tsіnami on promislovі Flea is the Hotel (virobnichі, fіnansovі), scho agrarian spozhivayutsya pіdpriєmstvami. Oskіlki in real zhittі tsіni on All types produktsії th Hotel zmіnyuyutsya i toil, yak usually tendentsіyu to zrostannya, vinikaє neobhіdnіst in kіlkіsnomu viznachennі tsіnovogo spіvvіdnoshennya through pokaznik іndeksu nomіnalnogo parity. Vіn rozrahovuєtsya dіlennyam іndeksu tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu, rozrahovanogo for Pevnyi promіzhok hour on іndeks tsіn, viznacheny for the same perіod on virobnicho spozhitu in sіlskomu gospodarstvі Promyslova produktsіyu that Hotel. In zahіdnіy ekonomіchnіy nautsі Tsey pokaznik nazivayut pokaznikom 'minds torgіvlі "rozrahovanim for mіnovoyu kontseptsієyu Commodity-Terms-of-Trade.

Rozglyanuty pokaznik vіdnosno Just in obchislennі against Got one vada, oskіlki yogo zmіna zavzhdi not exactly vіdobrazhaє zmіnu kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі the Branch (znizhennya pokaznika Got suprovodzhuvatisya zmenshennyam kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі the Branch, navpaki i). Aje znizhennya koefіtsієnta nomіnalnogo parity Mauger vіdbuvatisya in minds zbіlshennya obsyagu realіzatsії produktsії sіlskogo Gospodarstwa, i for vіdomih obstavin Tse Mauger navіt pіdvischiti kupіvelnu spromozhnіst the Branch. The I navpaki, znizhennya nomіnalnogo parity Mauger i suprovodzhuvatisya skorochennyam obsyagu virobnitstva that realіzatsії sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії, scho uniquely bіlshe zvuzhuє kupіvelnu spromozhnіst sіlskogo Gospodarstwa, nіzh tse zumovleno torn down par. Tse zokrema, Bulo characteristic of vіtchiznyanogo sіlskogo Gospodarstwa.

To dwellers usunuti rozglyanutu vada pokaznika nomіnalnogo parity yogo dotsіlno rozrahovuvati not deprivation for mіnovoyu and profitability for the first kontseptsієyu, yak tse priynyato in zahіdnіy ekonomіchnіy nautsі (Income-Terms-of-Trade), vikoristovuyuchi formula:

de Іpd - іndeks parity of profitability kontseptsієyu; ІTsskh - іndeks tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu; ІTsp - іndeks tsіn on Promyslova produktsіyu scho virobnicho spozhivaєtsya in sіlskomu gospodarstvі; IB - іndeks obsyagu virobnitstva, rozrahovany for the same perіod, scho i tsіnovі іndeksi.

Zaznachimo, scho for analіzu dotsіlno vikoristovuvati obidva іndeksi - іndeks nomіnalnogo parity is the parity of profitability іndeks kontseptsієyu.

Mi has zaznachali, scho for Rocky perehіdnogo perіodu to rinkovoї Economy utvorivsya gliboky disparity tsіn not korist sіlskogo Gospodarstwa. The I tse at the fact scho on zakonodavchomu rіvnі puts vimoga to zabezpechennya paritetnostі tsіn. So, the Law of Ukraine "About tsіni i tsіnoutvorennya" (Gruden 1990 p.) I s the following zmіnami dopovnennyami Where Money Does zakladenі novі s rinkovim spryamuvannyam fun- tsіnovoї polіtiki, put vimoga dotrimannya ob'єktivnih spіvvіdnoshen in tsіnah on Promyslova i sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu scho zabezpechuє ekvіvalentnіst obmіnu. Vimoga zabezpechennya ekvіvalentnostі obmіnu mіs titsya-i in Zakonі Ukraine "About prіoritetnіst sotsіalnogo rozvitku village that agropromislovogo complex in the popular gospodarstvі" (Traven 1995 p.). In the unfortunate position of tsі vazhlivі vkazanih Zakonіv not boule realіzovanі to 2000 p. About Glibin disparity tsіn scho Sklave for 1990-1999 pp., Svіdchat danі tabl.17.2.

table 17.2

ІNDEKSI TSІN ON Promyslova the I SІLSKOGOSPODARSKU PRODUKTSІYU1 to the base 1990 p.

1 Tsіni, vitrati, pributki agrovirobnitstva that infrastructure prodovolchih rinkіv Ukraine. For Ed. Acad. UAAN OM Špičák. - K - ІAE, 2000. - 585 p.

Yak seen danih s Table. 17.2 іndeks nomіnalnogo parity in 1999 p. becomes 0.17, todі yak at dotrimannі parity vіn MAV dorіvnyuvati 1. dwellers buy in 1999. tractor T-150, sіlskogospodarskі tovarovirobniki povinnі boule prodatsya pshenitsі III class 5.3 times bіlshe, nіzh at 1990 p, abo milk - 6.5 times.; tractor MTZ-80-82 - vіdpovіdno 6.2 i 7.4 vantazhny avtomobіl KAMAZ-5320 - 10.4 i 12.7, dizpaliva ton - 7.8 i 10, amіachnoї selіtri - 3.6 i 4.6 times. For nalezhnoї derzhavnoї pіdtrimki dohodіv sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv, neobhіdnіst yakoї zumovlena іsnuvannyam sіlskogospodarskoї problemi dovgostrokovogo perіodu such glibokogo disparity tsіn mozhna Bulo b uniknuti.

In svіtovіy praktitsі rozvinutih kraїn problemі paritetnostі tsіn pridіlyaєtsya-valued uwagi. Great dosvіd zabezpechennya paritetnostі tsіn nakopicheny the United States, in 1933, de district. LUVs introductions law about regulyuvannya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa, klyuchovim moment yakogo Bulo zabezpechennya pіdtrimki tsіn i dohodіv sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv on osnovі viznachennya paritetnoї tsіni on okremі Vidi sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії.

Funktsіonalna role parity tsіn proyavlyaєtsya in fact, scho stink employees bazoyu, orієntirom for vstanovlennya pіdtrimuyuchih tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu, rіven yakih perevischuє tsіnu rіvnovagi in Rocky s nespriyatlivoyu rinkovoyu kon'yunkturoyu.

When rozrahunku parity tsіn the US for the base perіod take 1910-1914 pp., If Bulo dosyagnuto at Dumka amerikanskih spetsіalіstіv, ekvіvalentnostі obmіnu mіzh sіlskim Gospodarstwa that іnshimi spheres of national Gospodarstwa. Rіven Tsikh tsіn viznachayut for vsіma views sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії schomіsyachno in tsіlomu on kraїnі on osnovі parity іndeksu scho rozrahovuєtsya for Relief chotiroh іndeksіv, zvazhenih on chastku vіdpovіdnih vitrat fermerіv in їh sukupnih vitratah and the Same:

• іndeks tsіn for goods kuplenі farmers on virobnichі th nevirobnichі tsіlі;
• іndeks protsentіv, viplachenih farmers for іpotechnu zaborgovanіst in rozrahunku on odinitsyu ploschі;
• іndeks podatkіv, viplachenih farmers for neruhome Main to rozrahunku on odinitsyu ploschі;
• іndeks zarobіtnoї pay sіlskogospodarskih robіtnikіv.

For bezposerednogo viznachennya paritetnoї tsіni rozrahovuєtsya takozh serednya Cena realіzatsії Pevnyi product for farmers ostannі 10 rokіv. Potіm її dіlyat on іndeks fermerskih tsіn, viznacheny to perіodu 1910- 1914 pp., D obsession multiplying the result on a par іndeks tsіn. Navedemo Taqiy butt rozrahunku paritetnoї tsіni Kukurudza on Veresen 1989 p. (Div .: Borhunov N. Nazarenko A. Mechanism of income support producers of agricultural products // AIC: Economics, management - 1991. - № 10.).

In serednomu for perіod s sіchnya 1979 p. on Gruden 1989 p. fermerska Cena realіzatsії Kukurudza becomes 45.7 dollars. for 1 ton. Іndeks fermerskih tsіn in serednomu for sіchen 1979 p. - Gruden 1989 p. vіdnosno base perіodu dorіvnyuvav 2.52. Zvіdsi skoregovana base Rate on Kukurudza in 1910-1914 pp. stanovitime 18.1 dollars. (45.7: 2.52). Її proliferating on parity іndeks zasobіv virobnitstva i poslug on Veresen 1989 p., Scho takozh rozrahovuєtsya to base perіodu i stood at Nashomu prikladі 3.74. Parity Rate on Kukurudza in zaznachenomu mіsyatsі stanovitime 67.7 dollars. (18,1 • 3,74).

Yak zasvіdchuє amerikanska practice pіdtrimuyuchі tsіni vstanovlyuyutsya nizhchimi porіvnyano s parity tsіnoyu, ale їh rіven dostatnіy for zabezpechennya Normal minds vіdtvorennya farms serednіm s i vischeserednіm rіvnem gospodaryuvannya.

For povіdomlennyami amerikanskih spetsіalіstіv, the US tsіni on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu in 1988 p. zrosli proti tsіn pp 1910-1914. at 6 razіv, and for goods, SSMSC zakupovuyut farmers mayzhe vdvіchі bіlshe. Tom іndeks tsіn parity on the hour becomes 0.54. Yak bachimo, takozh Got Location paritetnostі torn down in the United States against Yogo nіyak not mozhna porіvnyuvati s disparity in the size of nashіy kraїnі (0.17), and preformed for Taqiy short perіod o'clock (in the US - mayzhe 60 rokіv). Potrіbno borrow up uwagi i the obstavinu, scho in the US trivaly hour until 1952 p. zabezpechuvavsya tsіn mayzhe parity in Povny obsyazі. Tse gave zmogu fermerskim Gospodarstwa stvoriti materіalno-bearing-down tehnіchnu base dosyagti mіtsnogo fіnansovo-ekonomіchnogo camp, zabezpechiti visokі Tempi zrostannya produktivnostі pratsі. In Tsikh minds zmenshennya paritetnostі to 0.54 zmozі not adversely vіdbitisya the pace rozvitku sіlskogo Gospodarstwa i income fermerskih Gospodarstwa, oskіlki prodovzhuє dіyati mehanіzm pіdtrimuyuchih tsіn.

Vikladeny mehanіzm viznachennya parity tsіn Mauger Buti vikoristany in vіtchiznyanіy praktitsі at pevnіy yogo adaptatsії to spetsifіchnih Especially dіyuchogo in Ukraїnі ekonomіchnogo mehanіzmu.