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Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG

18.5. Standardization i sertifіkatsіya produktsії

In pіdvischennі of Quality produktsії Especially vazhlivu role vіdіgrayut її standardization i sertifіkatsіya. In nashіy kraїnі pravovі that organіzatsіynі Ambush standartizatsії, spryamovanі on zabezpechennya єdinoї tehnіchnoї polіtiki in tsіy sferі, regulyuyutsya Law of Ukraine "About standartizatsіyu" (Traven 2001 p.).

Vіdpovіdno to zgadanogo Act standardization viznachaєtsya yak dіyalnіst scho polyagaє in vstanovlennі position for zagalnogo i bagatorazovogo zastosuvannya schodo nayavnih chi mozhlivih zavdan s metoyu dosyagnennya optimal stage vporyadkuvannya in pevnіy sferі result yakoї Je pіdvischennya stage vіdpovіdnostі produktsії, protsesіv chi poslug їh funktsіonalnomu priznachennyu, usunennya bar'єrіv in torgіvlі i spriyannya NAUKOVO-tehnіchnomu spіvrobіtnitstvu. Tobto standardization uzakonyuє vprovadzhennya pokaznikіv i norms of Quality produktsії, tehnologіchnih protsesіv i priyomіv, poslug in vіdpovіdnіy sferі virobnitstva.

Basic principles i metoyu standartizatsії Je zabezpechennya BEZPEKA for Zhittya that Helsinki Human Health Protection, tvarin, Roslyn, receptionists Health Protection; spriyannya usunennyu tehnіchnih bar'єrіv in torgіvlі; vrahuvannya Suchasnyj dosyagnen science i tehnіki and takozh will natsіonalnoї Economy; zabezpechennya uchastі in rozrobtsі standartіv Yurydychna that fіzichnih osіb - rozrobnikіv, virobnikіv, spozhivachіv; dobrovіlnіst Vibor virobnikami vidіv standartіv at virobnitstvі produktsії chi її postachannі; prіoritetnіst direct vprovadzhennya in Ukraїnі mіzhnarodnih that regіonalnih standartіv; dotrimannya mіzhnarodnih єvropeyskih rules that i standartizatsії procedures.

The result standartizatsії Je normativnі document in danіy sferі. Pong vstanovlyuyut rules zagalnі fun- chi characteristics rіznih vidіv dіyalnostі abo їh rezultatіv. These normative documents Je standards, codes of practice ustalenoї i tehnіchnі minds.

Standard * 3 - tse document scho vstanovlyuє for zagalnogo i bagatorazovogo zastosuvannya rules zagalnі fun- abo characteristics SSMSC stosuyutsya dіyalnostі chi її rezultatіv, s metoyu dosyagnennya optimal stage vporyadkovanostі in pevnіy the Branch, that rozrobleny in vstanovlenomu order to osnovі consensus (zagalnoї Zgoda) .

* 3: {Viznachennya navedenі vіdpovіdno to stattі 1 Law of Ukraine "About standartizatsіyu."}

Standard Je tim zrazkom, Etalon of Quality, to yakogo povinnі pragnuti virobniki. Vodnochase stink vstanovlyuyut Mezhuyev of Quality, nizhche yakoї Produkciya (robots Hotel) vvazhaєtsya nekonditsіynoyu, tobto Custom. Standard peredbachayut takozh diferentsіatsіyu produktsії for yakіstyu: the category, Klas, varieties vіdpovіdno to yakih zdіysnyuєtsya materіalne stimulyuvannya virobnikіv. Dotrimannya vimog standartіv zabezpechuє virobnitstvo produktsії scho vіdpovіdaє maintained upstream vіtchiznyanim i zarubіzhnim zrazkam, її konkurentospromozhnіst svіtovomu on market analysis, vdoskonalennya nomenclature virobіv, pіdvischennya rіvnya unіfіkatsії, receptionists navkolishnogo seredovischa i Helsinki Human Health Protection.

Code ustalenoї practices.1 (zvіd rules) - tse document scho mіstit praktichnі rules chi PROCEDURE proektuvannya, vigotovlennya, installation, tehnіchnogo obslugovuvannya, ekspluatatsії obladnannya, konstruktsії chi virobіv. Yak bachimo, the code of practice is not ustalenoї stosuєtsya bezposeredno produktsії and reglamentuє processes її vigotovlennya. Vіn Mauger Buti samostіynim standard abo yogo Chastain, abo okremim document.

Tehnіchnі minds - Tse regulatory document scho vstanovlyuє tehnіchnі vimogi Yakimov povinnі vіdpovіdati Produkciya, Hotel Chi processes. Yak i ustalenoї Code of Practice, vіn takozh Mauger Buti standard yogo abo Chastain okremim document.

Fallow od rіvnya sub'єkta standartizatsії, yaky priymaє chi skhvalyuє normativnі documents from sferі standartizatsії, rozrіznyayut takі їh Vidi:

• natsіonalnі standards, codes of practice that ustalenoї klasifіkatori, priynyatі chi skhvalenі central bodies vikonavchoї Vladi at sferі standartizatsії;
• standards, codes of practice that ustalenoї tehnіchnі minds priynyatі chi skhvalenі іnshimi sub'єktami standartizatsії. Them shaping can Buti tsentralnі organic vikonavchoї Vladi respublіki Krim, mіstsevі organic vikonavchoї Vladi th organic mіstsevogo samovryaduvannya, sub'єkti gospodaryuvannya that їh ob'єdnannya. Їm nadaєtsya right vstanovlyuvati normativnі documents from vіdpovіdnih areas dіyalnostі that in furrows їh povnovazhen. Vkazanі Vidi standartіv povinnі vіdpovіdati minds Rinku, spriyati rozvitku vіlnoї torgіvlі i pіdvischennyu konkurentospromozhnostі vіtchiznyanoї produktsії;
• mіzhnarodnі (regіonalnі) standard - a standard. scho priynyatі vіdpovіdno mіzhnarodnim that regіonalnim standartizatsії body (body Pevnyi geografіchnogo abo ekonomіchnogo expanse). Tsі standardized mozhut vprovadzhuvatisya yak natsіonalnі for їh minds of acceptance of the central bodies vikonavchoї Vladi at sferі standartizatsії;
• standardization of companies. Okremimi pіdpriєmstvami mozhut rozroblyatisya standards for produktsіyu (robots Hotel), scho vikoristovuyutsya that Je obov'yazkovimi in addition gospodarstvі, yak yogo rozrobilo i vprovadilo. Napriklad have sіlskogospodarskih pіdpriєmstvah shaping can Buti rozroblenі standards for vikonannya okremih tehnologіchnih operatsіy (oranki, posіvu, zbirannya, formuvannya density Roslyn toscho) abo on okremі Vidi promіzhnoї sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії scho vikoristovuєtsya for virobnichogo spozhivannya (napriklad, feed).

Standard Perche dvoh vidіv zastosovuyutsya on dobrovіlnih ambushes. Prote zgіdno іz Law "On standartizatsіyu" їh zastosuvannya in tsіlomu chi okremih PROVISIONS Tsikh standartіv staє obov'yazkovim for vsіh sub'єktіv gospodaryuvannya, Yakscho Tse peredbacheno in tehnіchnih regulations chi іnshih legal acts.

Tehnіchny regulation abo Inshyj legal act priymaєtsya body derzhavnoї Vladi. In nomu vstanovlyuyutsya tehnіchnі vimogi to produktsії, protsesіv chi poslug bezposeredno abo through posilannya to standards. Obov'yazkovimi vimogami scho vstanovlyuyutsya tehnіchnim regulations that іnshimi legal acts, Yea: Zahist Zhittya, Helsinki Human Health Protection is the lane, i tvarin Zahist Roslyn, receptionists dovkіllya, bezpeka produktsії, protsesіv i poslug, usunennya zagrozi for natsіonalnoї BEZPEKA Kraina toscho . Standard takozh obov'yazkovі for uchasnikіv lands schodo rozroblennya, vigotovlennya chi postachannya produktsії, Yakscho in nіy Je posilannya on pevnі standards. Pong shaping can Buti i obov'yazkovimi for virobnika chi postachalnika produktsії, Yakscho vіn Sklave deklaratsіyu about vіdpovіdnіst produktsії Pevnyi standards chi zastosuvav poznachennya Tsikh standartіv in її markuvannі and takozh in razі otrimannya them sertifіkata schodo dotrimannya vimog standartіv.

Mills for 2002 p. UKRAINE Zroby deprivation Pershi sketch to vprovadzhennya novih standartіv s orієntatsієyu on mіzhnarodnі * 4 zokrema on standardized ІSO in 9000. Tom praktitsі on tsomu etapі widely vikoristovuyutsya DECT - derzhavnі standards GOST - Standards kolishnogo CPCP.

* 4: {Y 2002 p. pokaznik garmonіzatsії vіtchiznyanih standartіv to mіzhnarodnih standartіv deprivation becomes 10%, todі yak for otrimannya asotsіyovanogo membership ЄS rіven garmonіzatsії guilty stanoviti not less then 80%.}

Navedemo butt dіyuchogo at (2002 p.) Standard for milk korov'yache, yaky introductions s metoyu іstotnogo pіdvischennya of Quality tsієї produktsії. Zgіdno s vimogami milk standard with zakupіvlі pіdrozdіlyaєtsya in three classes: vischy, Purshia i others. Milk guilty Buti is gained od health korіv, oholodzhenim i profіltrovanim. Standard reglamentuєtsya trivalіst zberіgannya milk in virobnika to zakupіvlі. Vaughn disobeys perevischuvati '24. the temperature zberіgannya not vische 4 ° C, 18 year. - 6 ° C i '12. - The temperature not vische 8 ° C. Vono otsіnyuєtsya for such pokaznikami of Quality: gustinoyu, kislotnіstyu, zagalnim bakterіalnim obsіmenіnnyam, vmіstom somatichnih klіtin, purity (nayavnіstyu mehanіchnih domіshok) vmіstom fat i bіlka.

Gustina milk is not to blame for Buti Mensch 1027 kg / m3 for a temperature of 20 ° C abo vіdpovіdati tochtsі freezing -0,52 ° C. Yakscho pokazniki gustini menshі for zaznacheny rіven, tse svіdchit about nayavnіst in molotsі domіshok Vod. Kislotnіst - vazhlivy pokaznik scho harakterizuє tehnologіchnu yakіst milk mozhlivіst yogo vikoristannya for virobnitstva such tsіnnih produktіv, yak Siri. For vischogo i Perche sortіv milk kislotnіst guilty Booty in furrows vіdpovіdno 16-17 i 19 ° T (Turner), for another - 20 ° T. Danim standard pіdvischenі vimogi to bakterіalnoї zabrudnenostі milk, Hoch stink Pokey scho ustupayut rіvnyu vimog, SSMSC in zastosovuyutsya kraїnah ЄS. For vischogo variety of Quality Tsey pokaznik not guilty Buti bіlshe 300 tis. bakterіy 1 cm3 for Perche - 500 tis. i another - 3000 tis. bakterіy 1 cm3 (at kraїnah ЄS - not bіlshe 100,000). For tsogo zabezpechennya pokaznika of Quality slіd pam'yatati, scho in oholodzhenomu to 10 ° C molotsі bakterії not practical rozvivayutsya protyagom '12 and doїnnya at oholodzhennі Zrazy pіslya to 4 ° C - 48 year.

Masov chastka rechovin dry milk vischogo grade guilty stanoviti not less then 11.8% for Perche - 11.5 i for another class - 10%.

At Danian standard Vpershe vklyuchenі vimogi to obmezhennya vmіstu in molotsі somatichnih klіtin (epіtelіalnih klіtin, colostrum toscho) oskіlki stench yogo іstotno pogіrshuyut tehnologіchnіst. Zagalna Quantity Tsikh klіtin for vischogo class not guilty perevischuvati 500 tis. 1 cm3 for other Perche i sortіv - vіdpovіdno 600 i 800 yew / cm3. (in kraїnah ЄS - up to 400 000).

In standartі scho rozglyadaєtsya, Vpershe vklyuchenі vimogi schodo vmіstu in molotsі bіlka vazhlivogo pokaznika yak, scho harakterizuє bіologіchnu povnotsіnnіst danogo product. Vmіst bіlka deposits od genetichnih Especially tvarin i rіvnya їh vіdgodіvlі. W pіdvischennyam vmіstu bіlka i fat Ponad vstanovlenі bazisnі normalized pіdpriєmstvam-virobnikam viplachuєtsya allowance to prodazhnoї tsіni and іz znizhennyam Tsikh pokaznikіv - znizhka.

Sertifіkatsіya - tse procedure for Relief yakoї viznany in order vstanovlenomu body documented zasvіdchuє vіdpovіdnіst produktsії, of Quality Systems, upravlіnnya systems yakіstyu, upravlіnnya dovkіllyam systems, personnel vstanovlenim zakonodavstvom vimogam. Won Je vazhlivoyu Lanka upravlіnnya yakіstyu produktsії. In Ukraїnі power sertifіkatsії produktsії regulyuєtsya Law of Ukraine "About pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі" (Traven 2001 p.). Pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі - tse dіyalnіst, naslіdkom yakoї Je garantuvannya of scho Produkciya, the system of Quality, Systems upravlіnnya yakіstyu, systems upravlіnnya dovkіllyam vіdpovіdayut vstanovlenim zakonodavstvom vimogam.

Kabіnet Mіnіstrіv Ukraine zatverdzhuє legal act - Tehnіchny regulation s pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі Where Money Does mіstyatsya: Opis vidіv produktsії scho pіdlyagaє obov'yazkovomu pіdtverdzhennyu vіdpovіdnostі; vimogi BEZPEKA for Zhittya that Helsinki Human Health Protection, tvarin, Roslyn, and takozh lane that receptionists dovkіllya; PROCEDURE pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі CIM vimogam; rules markuvannya i Introduction produktsії in obіg. Іz administration in dіyu tsogo regulatory act spetsіalno upovnovazheny the central organ vikonavchoї Vladi at sferі pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі ofіtsіyno publіkuє perelіk natsіonalnih standartіv, dobrovіlne zastosuvannya yakih virobnikom chi yak postachalnikom spriymaєtsya proof vіdpovіdnostі produktsії vimogam tehnіchnih reglamentіv.

Іsnuyut іstotnі vіdmіnnostі pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі in zakonodavcho regulovanіy sferі (area in yakіy vimogi to produktsії she minds Introduction її in obіg reglamentuyutsya zakonodavstvom) that in zakonodavcho neregulovanіy sferі. In pershіy s them pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі Je obov'yazkovim for virobnika i postachalnika in drugіy - on dobrovіlnih ambushes.

Vіdpovіdnіst produktsії vimogam zakonodavstva zasvіdchuєtsya deklaratsієyu about vіdpovіdnіst abo sertifіkatom vіdpovіdnostі. Deklaratsіyu about vіdpovіdnіst produktsії skladaє virobnik, Yakscho Tse peredbacheno tehnіchnim regulations s pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі on Tsey view produktsії. When tsomu virobnik guilty Nadachi bodies zdіysnyuyut scho Reigning perspicuity in sferі pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі, neobhіdnu the documentation, yak pіdtverdzhuє ob'єktivnіst deklaruvannya.

Sertifіkatsіya in zakonodavcho regulovanіy sferі carried on quietly kinds produktsії i zgіdno s vimog, SSMSC regulations peredbachenі tehnіchnim s pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі. Sertifіkatsіyu zdіysnyuyut akreditovanі spetsіalno upovnovazhenі organic іz sertifіkatsії. In razі positive rіshennya Tsey body vidaє virobnikam sertifіkat vіdpovіdnostі - document yaky pіdtverdzhuє scho Produkciya, systems upravlіnnya yakіstyu, the system of Quality, Systems upravlіnnya dovkіllyam staff vіdpovіdayut vstanovlenim vimogam specific standard chi іnshogo normative document viznachenogo zakonodavstvom.

Virobnik chi postachalnik zobov'yazany nanositi on produktsіyu natsіonalny sign vіdpovіdnostі in zakonodavcho regulovanіy sferі i note by zasvіdchuvati vіdpovіdnіst poznachenoї them produktsії vimogam tehnіchnih reglamentіv. In razі pіdtverdzhennya vіdpovіdnostі upovnovazhenim іz sertifіkatsії authority to sign natsіonalnogo vіdpovіdnostі dodaєtsya іdentifіkatsіyny number tsogo body.

In zakonodavcho neregulovanіy sferі virobnik Mauger skladati deklaratsіyu about vіdpovіdnіst for Vlasnyi іnіtsіativoyu. Tse Well stosuєtsya sertifіkatsії produktsії. Vaughn zdіysnyuєtsya on dogovіrnih ambushes mіzh virobnikom postachalnikom i chi body іz sertifіkatsії.

Fig. 18.4. Complex chinnih mіzhnarodnih standartіv ІSO serії 9000

Ninі obov'yazkovoyu minds vihodu on mіzhnarodny rinok Je nayavnіst from sellers sertifіkata vіdpovіdnostі scho zasvіdchuє vіdpovіdnіst produktsії vimogam mіzhnarodnih standartіv ІSO serії 9000 (Fig. 18.4.), SSMSC Shvydko poshiryuyutsya in svіtі i regulyuyut єdinі WorldWideStudies vimogi to the systems of Quality fіrm-postachalnikіv. Ninі skladaєtsya such situatsіya scho fіrmi, SSMSC not volodіyut sertifіkatom on of Quality system pіdtverdzhuyuchi note by її vіdpovіdnіst standards ІSO serії 9000, mayzhe not toil shansіv on ukladannya bіlsh-Mensch decent contract i in the lot at mіzhnarodnih tenders and їh goods otsіnyuєtsya on svіtovomu Rinku 2-4 Razi deshevshe.

Krіm of potrіbno borrow up to uwagi, scho zabezpechennya of Quality vіdpovіdno to standartіv ІSO serії 9000 - tse Umov neobhіdna, ale not zavzhdi dostatnya for garantії konkurentospromozhnostі product, oskіlki bagato fіrm th Dali vdoskonalyuyut virobnitstvo s orієntatsієyu on Key infrastructure product s slit maintained upstream yakіsnimi parameters nіzh tsogo vimagayut ukazanі standards.