Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

3. Ekonomichna Dumka serednovіchchya

Pіslya padіnnya Rimskoї іmperії (V century). Pochinaєtsya since been called to come Doba serednovіchchya scho trivaє right up to the XVII century. Ekonomіka tsogo bula perіodu perevazhno agricultural, natural panuvalo Gospodarstwa. Mislennya serednovіchnoї Helsinki Human teologіchny little character. Ekonomichna Dumka slit vіdokremilas not have samostіynu Galuzo knowledge. Tsei processes pochavsya deprivation in perіod pіznogo serednovіchchya (XVI - XVII cent.). Those scho yak mozhna rozglyadati manifest ekonomіchnoї pillows, prosyaknuto spirit of practicality. Serednovіchnі treatise mіstyat chislennі konkretnі gospodarskі mock rіznomanіtnі praktichnі rekomendatsії, ale Nadto little theoreticity uzagalnen i sprob osmislennya ekonomіchnih protsesіv that yavisch. Do not Dobou deprivation Rann (V -. X v), and the second navіt klasichnogo serednovіchchya (XI -. XV v) so i do not z'yavilosya zhodnih theoreticity tvorіv s ekonomіchnih power. Main Jerel ekonomіchnoї pillows serednovіchnogo suspіlstva Je yuridichnі Code th tserkovnі pam'yatki. Ekonomіchnі uyavlennya folk weight vіdbilisya in rіznih "єresyah" she ekonomіchnih vimogah Selyanske insurrection.

Vіdmіtna rice ekonomіchnoї pillows converges in serednі vіki polyagala in tіm, scho Won pridіlyala uwagi Vlasnyi note by the problems in scho i davnі chasi, nasampered power upravlіnnya kraїnoyu, organіzatsії sіlskogo Gospodarstwa yak golovnoї the Branch Economy, crafts yak th torgіvlі dopomіzhnih. Great vpliv on rozvitok ekonomіchnoї pillows Blizkogo Immediately cope іslam. We creates musulmanskih avtorіv, zokrema in Prace Іbn Khaldun, viznachnogo Arabic mislitelya serednovіchchya often vislovlyuyutsya takі pillows th mіrkuvannya scho nabagato viperedzhayut svіy hour.

In lіteraturі kraїn Zahіdnoї Єvropi in Dobou Rann serednovіchchya pid vplivom Christianity vislovlyuyutsya іdeї rіvnіst about the people before God, about Prace yak єdine dzherelo іsnuvannya, about neobhіdnіst dіlitisya Mein s bіdnimi; pragnennya bagatstva viznaєtsya vice, scho not lichit spravzhnomu hristiyaninu. Problems of community znayshli vіdobrazhennya in "Salіchnіy pravdі" (Salіchnomu zakonі) - zapisі longtime zvichaєvogo right plemenі salіchnih frankіv. Entries Bulo zrobleno s rozporyadzhennya Hlodvіga king (481 - 511), and Zgoda dopovneno th yogo pererobleno nastupnikami. In nomu Bulo vіdbito ekonomіchny way frankіv in perіod rozkladu childbirth vіdnosin i viniknennya maynovoї nerіvnostі. Mainova rozsharuvannya descho strimuvalosya perevazhannyam spіlnoї vlasnostі colossus over the right volodіnnya i koristuvannya okremih domogospodarstv. "Salіchna truth" about svіdchit postupove viniknennya іndivіdualno-rodinnoї vlasnostі, peretvorennya volodіnnya on vlasnіst. Franks vzhe rozmezhovuvali ponyattya Rukh that neruhomogo lane. Rukh Mein mozhna Bulo vіddavati i send both at the outpost in spadok nayblizhchomu s rodichіv. Kradіzhki yogo punishable by a fine. Rabi vvazhalisya Mein Pan, for that i vbivstvo servant storonnoyu Lyudin treba Bulo splatiti Ruler vіdpovіdnu kompensatsіyu. Schodo neruhomogo lane, then іsnuvali chislennі rіznovidi іndivіdualnih rights volodіnnya rіznomanіtnimi views Yogo, hoch zavzhdi viznavalosya rule of law at the Gromada OAO All zemelnі ugіddya. Pіslya zanepadu Frankskoї powers (IX cent.) "Truth Salіchna" vtratila svoє practicality value.

Іnsha pam'yatka zahіdnoєvropeyskoї ekonomіchnoї pillows Rann serednovіchchya "Kapіtulyarіy about vіlli" (ear of the IX century.) Charlemagne (chi yogo sina - Lyudovіka Pious) daє uyavlennya company profile th upravlіnnya fiefdom. Zgіdno s "Kapіtulyarієm" the whole earth has been viewed fiefdom in vlasnostі її Volodar (patrimonial), and the population becomes bіlshіst zakrіpachenі villagers. In Mali maєtku takozh zhiti "Dobri Maistre", scho viroblyali yakus remіsnichu produktsіyu. Gospodarstwa little natural character, King pripisuvav prodavatsya tіlki nadlishki and kupuvati those scho have not viroblyalosya votchinі, styaguvati dues in kind i stvoryuvati produktovі stocks.

Rozvitok ekonomіchnoї pillows klasichnogo serednovіchchya, yak i in poperednіy perіod, vіdbuvavsya pid velicheznim vplivom hristiyanskoї church. Naybіlshim togochasnim authority yaky Vislova bagato vazhlivih ekonomіchnih іdey, CCU Thomas Akvіnsky (Akvіnat) (1225/26 - 1274), yakogo vzhe 1323 p. Bulo kanonіzovano and Yogo vchennya 1879 p. Bulo progolosheno єdino іstinnoyu fіlosofієyu Catholicism. Basic creates Fomi Akvіnskogo Je "Suma proti yazichnikіv" that "Suma teologії". We looked at svoїh polіtichny i ​​sotsіalny ustrіy suspіlstva vіn vistupav for tsentralіzatsіyu Vladi i viznavav sotsіalnu ієrarhіyu, oskіlki podіl on the mill "like od God." Natural pіdstavu stanovoї ієrarhії Akvіnat bachiv in podіlі pratsі. For yogo words, "odnі povinnі obroblyati rіllyu, INSHI - zvoditi budinki and Chastina people being vіlnoyu od lyudskih klopotіv, Got Me prisvyatiti duhovnіy pratsі zaradi spasіnnya Rasht." Hoch vіdpovіdno hristiyanskoї to the doctrines Thomas Akvіnsky Dear Prace nevіd'єmnim obov'yazkom vіruyuchogo, Sotho fіzichna, severe Prace on yogo Dumka bula "rabskim zanyattyam". Private vlasnіst vіn rozglyadav yak neobhіdny іnstitut lyudskogo Zhittya.

Being prihilnikom natural Gospodarstwa, yak could zabezpechiti vsіh neobhіdnimi products Akvіnat against, viznavav, scho in bagatoh vipadkah just nemozhlivo obіytisya without obmіnu. Tom vіn Vislova svoї mіrkuvannya s problems obmіnu, tsі-no, torgіvlі, shopping pributku, pennies that іn. So, giving vіn svoє tlumachennya "spravedlivoї tsіni". Obmіn at Dumka Fomi Akvіnskogo, Got vіdbuvatisya without deception i zaradi spіlnoї koristі. Mіzh owner that pokuptsem Got Booty "vstanovleno domovlenіst scho-up rіvnostі speeches." Rate product fair todі Yea, if BPA-hovuєtsya Quantity pratsі, zatrachenoї on yogo virobnitstvo. "Prodavatsya dorozhche chi kupuvati rіch deshevshe, nіzh Won koshtuє, itself sobі nedozvoleno i unfair." Ale, іnshogo s side over-vischennya tsіni vipravdane, Yakscho taka Cena no deception Je zvichaynim Mr. Yakscho i pokupets TER matim korist. Tobto valid tsі-on, yak Dear Akvіnat, Got uzgodzhuvatisya not rіchchyu s deprivation, scho prodaєtsya and second Zi zbitkom, yakogo mіg bi zaznati Seller od sale. In this razі "allowed by law prodavatsya rіch dorozhche, nіzh Won Varta itself sobі, Hoch won not guilty prodavatsya dorozhche, nіzh koshtuє її vlasnikovі". Sort order s CIM ponyattya "spravedlivoї tsіni" in Fomi Akvіnskogo few minutes sotsіalne zabarvlennya, oskіlki of skin responsible for otrimuvati svіy product stіlki, skіlki neobhіdno, dwellers vіn mіg zhiti vіdpovіdno to Georeferencing, yak posіdaє in stanovіy ієrarhії.

We looked at svoїh torgіvlyu that trading Prybutok Thomas Akvіnsky vipravdovuvav torgіvlyu s obsession metoyu owner pributku shopping for yourself that zabezpechennya svoєї sіm'ї zasobami іsnuvannya vikoristannya i yogo for dobrochinnih ref. Pravomіrnim uvazhavsya Prybutok i yak fee Prace, if the seller polіpshiv yakus rіch, i yak vіdshkoduvannya vitrat on transportuvannya tovarіv. Yakscho Well Prybutok CCB єdinoyu metoyu traders i, pragnuchi yogo zdobuti, the trader does not grebuvav whether yakimi zasobami, then such torgіvlya progoloshuvalasya zanyattyam Ganebnyi.

Rozmіrkovuyuchi about pohodzhennya pennies, Thomas Akvіnsky dotrimuvavsya Dumka, scho stink vinikli vnaslіdok domovlenostі mіzh people. Їh priznachennya - polegshiti fair obmіn. When tsomu ponyattya pennies coins that vіn not rozrіznyav. Viznayuchi neobhіdnіst pennies yak zasobu obіgu, vіn rozglyadav їh i yak mіru vartostі. "Coin - wrote Akvіnat - naypevnіsha mіra for materіalnogo Zhittya in torgіvlі that oborotі" and vodnochase i "in mіrilo robotі". Thomas Akvіnsky vidіlyav "vnutrіshnyu tsіnnіst" that "nomіnalnu tsіnnіst" pennies (coins). Vіn respects, scho Mauger Stop viznachati Power i pripuskayut mozhlivіst її Neznachny vіdhilennya od "vnutrіshnoї tsіnnostі" vistupayuchi proti psuvannya coins.

Thomas Akvіnsky zasudzhuvav lihvarstvo. In yogo Dumka, styaguvati Interest nadayuchi groshі in pozichku meant b prodavatsya those chogo naspravdі not іsnuє. Here Absent rіvnostі and that dumb i spravedlivostі. Oskіlki groshі vinaydeno for obmіnu, «Persha i bunt result koristuvannya groshima polyagaє in їh uzhivannі vitratі abo". Through tse unfair krіm Povernennya pennies themselves, otrimuvati slit th koristuvannya fee for them. Vodnochase Akvіnat pogodzhuvavsya s tim, scho yak percentage mozhna rozglyadati vinagorodu for rizik utratiti pozichenі groshі that yak svoєrіdne vіdshkoduvannya vtrachenih dohodіv, kotrі pozichkodavets mіg bi mother, vikoristavshi pozichenі komus groshі in Vlasnyi іnteresah. By Tim Thomas Akvіnsky Ziman kompromіsnu pozitsіyu not tіlki s power trading pributku and th cent.

Problemі pennies Bulo prisvyacheno "Treatise about pohodzhennya, nature, Yurydychna pіdstavu that zmіnu pennies" spellings frantsuzkim scientists Nіkoloyu Orem (Oresme) (bl 1323 -. 1382). In nomu vislovleno Dumka, scho groshі Je boxed іnstrumentom, yaky people vinayshli zadlya polegshennya tovaroobmіnu. Gold is the srіblo steel groshima zavdyaki svoїm natural vlastivostyam. Spochatku stink boule zvichaynimi goods i deprivation postupovo Nabeul rolі metalіv penny. Nіkola Orem CCU opponent psuvannya coins oskіlki not Won Je vlasnіstyu king hoch i karbuєtsya yogo s portrait. Vіn zaznachav scho zmіna crowbars i tsіnnostі coins zavdaє zbitku torgіvlі that loan znetsіnyuє rіznі groshovі income. Otzhe merit Orem Je sproba rozkriti pohodzhennya i are pennies zakonomіrnostі obіgu trumpery.

On ekonomіchnu Dumka serednovіchnoї Zahіdnoї Єvropi pomіtno vplinuli takozh rіznomanіtnі relіgіynі єresі. Єresі, yak usually boule zasobom Wink opozitsіynih nastroїv Pevnyi sotsіalnih verstv. Nezvazhayuchi on the Great rіznomanіtnіst єresey (valdensіv, apostolіkіv, katarіv, albіgoytsіv, lollardіv that іn.) That znachnі vіdmіnnostі mіzh them OOO All stink so chi so zavzhdi Mali feudal spryamovanіst, propovіduvali іdeї rіvnostі vsіh people Povernennya to printsipіv "єvangelskoї bіdnostі" rannohristiyanskogo fret zasudzhuvali bagatstvo that neobmezhenu vlasnіst toscho church. Deyakі єresі steel іdeologієyu insurrection villagers i mіskih nizіv, yakimi spovneno all іstorіyu serednovіchchya. Main ekonomіchnimi vimogami povstalih zavzhdi boule Povernennya to communities znischennya sotsіalnoї that maynovoї nerіvnostі, privatnoї vlasnostі, Povernennya zahoplenih communal lands, skasuvannya panschini, obrokіv, tithe toscho.

Istoria ekonomіchnoї pillows Ukraine chasіv Rann that klasichnogo serednovіchchya zv'yazana s doboyu Kiїvskoї Rusі - pershoї powers on ukraїnskіy etnіchnіy teritorії. Lіteraturnimi Jerel scho s they can dіznatisya about ekonomіchnі Look tієї Dobie, Je lіtopisi, please, literacy knyazіv, Code th entry standards svіtskogo th canon law toscho. Viznachnoyu pam'yatkoyu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoї that polіtichnoї lіteraturi Dobie Kiїvskoї Rusі Je "Ruska Pravda" - Institution zakonіv davnoruskogo rights XI-XII Art. Vіdomі 106 spiskіv "Ruskoї truth" SSMSC stock in the XIII-HVIIІ Art. Stattі "Ruskoї truth" vіdbivayut sotsіalnu structure th vіdnosini vlasnostі davnoruskogo suspіlstva. Pong regulyuyut maynovі vіdnosini, zahischayut right vlasnostі knyazіv that feodalnoї znatі on earth i krіpakіv; right styaguvati podatki, otrimuvati rent; viznachayut obmezhennya Mainova is the NKVD rights rіznih kategorіy feudal fallow population that іn. They znayshla vіdobrazhennya organіzatsіya knyazіvskoї that boyarskoї fiefdom in the XI century., Scho gruntuvalasya on krіpatskіy i rabskіy pratsі. Before rechі, stop postupovo enters produktivnіshіy pratsі people i fallow krіpakіv. Over the minds zamknenostі natural Gospodarstwa that nerozvinenostі tovaroobmіnu inventory groshovі vіdnosini in Kiїvskіy Rusі boule Duzhe obmezhenimi, hoch in the texts "Ruskoї truth" traplyayutsya takі ponyattya, yak "іstoє", "cut", "otaritsya" i "Coop", scho oznachayut pozichenі pid percentage groshі; self interest; dіlyanku zemlі that pozichku, SSMSC purchase (serf, scho i zbіdnіv potrapiv borgovu in bondage to Pan) otrimuє od hazyaїna-zemlevlasnika. Traplyayutsya takozh word "goods", "bargaining" (rinok), "gostba" (zovnіshnya torgіvlya) that INSHI ekonomіchnі termіni. In tsіlomu in "Ruskіy pravdі" Pevnyi mіroyu vіdobrazheno OAO All osnovnі processes ekonomіchnogo that suspіlnogo Zhittya Staroruskoї powers.

One іz bunt pisemnih Jerel for doslіdzhennya ekonomіchnoї pillows Dobie Kiїvskoї Rusі Je lіtopisne Institution "Povіst lіt of time" - a monumental іstorіografіchny i lіteraturny document cob Article XII, scho nalezhit pen Chentsov Pechers'ka Monastir Nestor.. Hoch in central tvorі Je power polіtichnoї іstorії Rusі, ekonomіchnim i sotsіalnim processes that yavischam nadaєtsya vazhlivogo values ​​for explaining іstorichnih podіy. The "Povіstі temporarily lіt" rozglyadayutsya dzherela dohodіv Kiїvskoї Country: nadhodzhennya Gospodarstwa h, i Danina Zborov s population fines (vessels Mito) Mito torgovelne i voєnna zdobich. Danin zbiralasya products hutrom abo groshima. Viplata Danini groshima spriyala rozvitkovі commodity virobnitstva th inventory vіdnosin penny. At just past lіtopisu takozh about aktivnі zovnіshnotorgovelnі zv'yazki Kiїvskoї Rusі s іnshimi powers nayavnіst suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі: Povny vіdokremlennya remіsnitstva od zemlerobstva th rozvitok rіznih crafts. Lіtopisets viyavlyaє shanoblive representations to rozumovoї not deprivation, and the first to fіzichnoї pratsі, oskіlki obidva tsі Vidi pratsі vvazhayutsya odnakovo vazhlivimi for suspіlstva for zabezpechennya yogo th bagatstva DOBROBUT.

W pam'yatok davnoruskoї lіteraturi scho s they can dіznati Xia about ekonomіchnu warehouses suspіlnogo Zhittya can nazvati takozh "Povchannya dіtyam" Volodymyr Monomakh (cob XII cent.). Tsey tvіr mіstit Cheema vazhlivih gospodarskih sposterezhen that uzagalnen, pokazuє vіdnosini mіzh zemlevlasnikami th fallow villagers, daє Rejoice schodo podolannya sotsіalnih superechnostey, yaskravo svіdchit about rozumіnnya vzhe in Ti chasi values ​​zemlerobstva, skotarstva, promislіv, torgіvlі for zmіtsnennya mogutnostі powers.

Halytska-Volins'ka lіtopis XIII century. rozpovіdaє about ekonomіchnu polіtiku Halytska that Volins'ka knyazіv, kotrі zaohochuvali rozvitok crafts torgіvlі, mіst, zaproshuyuchi for tsogo vmіlih remіsnikіv, trading people.

Pochinayuchi s XIII century. Kiyivs'ka, Chernіgovo-Sіverska, Pereyaslavska, Volins'ka, Halytska, Podіlska zemlі and takozh th Bukovina Transcarpathia became tієyu teritorіalnoyu basis on yakіy sklalasya th rozvivalasya ukraїnska narodnіst. For Serednoyu Naddnіpryanschinoyu, Kiїvskoyu land ranіshe, nіzh for іnshimi lands Pіvdennoї Rusі, zakrіpilasya Hosting Project "Ukraine" yakoyu pіznіshe, s XVII century., Pocha poznachati etnіchnu teritorіyu ukrajins'koho people. On mezhі XIII - XIV Art. іz davnoruskoї movnoї Basics of vidіlyaєtsya ukraїnska mova. In nayrіznomanіtnіshih documents XIV - XV Art. (I zhaluvanih pozichkovih charters, іnventaryah, lyustratsіyah toscho) vіdobrazhenі vіdnosini votchinnoї FORMS vlasnostі, togochasna dues system deyakі aspects torgіvlі, trumpery obіgu, rozvitku sіlskogo Gospodarstwa she crafts nadannya pozichok pid outpost lane, at tіm chislі volodіn land.

W XIV century. of Ukrainian lands in the pochinaє dіyati Magdeburzke right - mіske right scho viniklo in the XIII century. in mіstі Magdeburzі (zvіdsi th Hosting Project). Behind him Mista zvіlnyalisya od upravlіnnya that the court of the great knyazіv chi korolіv, tobto oderzhuvali samovryaduvannya rights. Magdeburzke right vstanovlyuvalo order i funktsії organіv mіskogo samovryaduvannya, court kupetskih ob'єdnan, tsehіv, regulyuvalo power torgіvlі, opіki that uspadkuvannya, viznachalo retribution for rіznі Vidi zlochinіv toscho. 1339 p. Takeo right gained Misto Syanok Halytska-Volins'ka knyazіvstva, 1356 p. - Lviv, 1432 p. - Lutsk, 1494 p. - Singapore. Protyagom XV - XVI Art. Magdeburzke wider on the right to bіlshіst mіst of Ukrainian lands. Mista, scho pid perebuvali bezposerednoyu yurisdiktsієyu polskogo king abo litovskogo Grand Duke, did not pay for mіskі zemlі and mіschan Bulo zvіlneno od obligations on korist feodalіv. Mіschani splachuvali deprivation Reigning podatok on torgіvlyu th zanyattya craft. Pong Mali vikoristovuvati right to require Mista groshovі Zborov, vstanovlenі mіskim pravlіnnyam (magіstratom) podatok od brovaren, Malt, voskoboєn, mlinіv, land ugіd, Mali znachnі privіleї in the Branch organіzatsії that reglamentatsії statsіonarnoї torgіvlі, i yarmarkіv crafts. However Zi zbіlshennyam vplivu polskih feodalіv i katolitskoї Church of Ukrainian lands in the posilyuєtsya natsіonalno-relіgіyna diskrimіnatsіya ukrajins'koho mіschanstva. Tse porodzhuvalo yogo Borotba for lіkvіdatsіyu obmezhen that for zbіlshennya uchastі in mіskomu samovryaduvannі.

In the 80 Ti Rocky XVI century. in hodі Borotba proti unії that katolitsiz th vinikaє since been called to come polemіchna literature, yak in bagatoh aspects stosuєtsya th ekonomіchnih problems. W tsogo Look vazhlivimi Je Іvana Vishenskogo do the first (1545/50 - 20 Ti Rocky XVII century.), Yaky nagoloshuvav on issues sotsіalnoї rіvnostі. Vіn says scho-yak whether bagatstvo Yakimov volodіyut Pani th clergy yak i stink "pozhirayut" stvorene "Prace minutes later" krіpakіv. I. Vishensky showing osnovnі form, for Relief yakih zdіysnyuvalosya privlasnennya rezultatіv pratsі villagers i remіsnikіv: panschinu, rents, podatі, torgovelny that lihvarsky Prybutok toscho. In yogo Dumka, odnochasno Zi zrostannyam bagatstva th rozkoshіv panіv, gentry, torgovtsіv posilyuyutsya zligodnі krіpakіv, bіdnyakіv. Він розумів, що майново-соціальна нерівність людей походить не від природи і не від Бога, а від земних несправедливостей. У цілому полемічні твори справили величезний вплив на формування та розвиток самосвідомості українського народу, на розгортання національно-визвольної боротьби на чолі з Богданом Хмельницьким.

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