Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

1. Zarodzhennya marksistskoї ekonomіchnoї teorії 40-50-x pp. XIX century.

Karl Marx Genrіh (1818-1883) in narodivsya Trіrі in sіm'ї lawyer. Pіslya zakіnchennya gіmnazії 1835 p. vstupaє to Bonnskogo unіversitetu, Zgoda navchaєtsya in Berlіnskomu unіversitetі on Yurydychna fakultetі, yaky zakіnchuє 1841 p., otrimavshi vcheny stupіn doctor fіlosofskih Sciences. In 1842 sіchnі p. Marx sought to Cologne ocholiti "Reynsku newspaper." Same todі vіn znayomitsya s Frіdrіhom Engelsom, yaky tsіlkom podіlyaє Look Marx on the problem sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo rozvitku.

Frіdrіh Engels (1820-1895) in narodivsya Bremenі in sіm'ї manufacturer. Not zakіnchivshi gіmnazії 1838 p. vіn CCB zmusheny pratsyuvati in Bremenskomu trade domі, ale postіyno zaymavsya samoosvіtoyu. W 1839 r. Yogo stattі s problems robіtnichogo class drukuє magazine "Telegraf".

W 1841 r. Engels vіdbuvav vіyskovu service in Berlіnі i there adhered to lіvogegelyantsіv. However, already in 1842 r. s tearing them uvazhayuchi scho polіtichnogo reformism nedostatno for perebudovi suspіlstva, neobhіdna sotsіalna revolyutsіya. Vіn pochinaє Activity lіteraturnu dіyalnіst the "Reynskіy gazetі" Hoch on the hour already Givet in Manchesterі th pratsyuє in trade domі Svoge dad.

1843 p. prussky Uryadov zakrivaє "Reynsku newspaper" i visilaє Marx s Kraina. Vіn viїzdit in Paris, de zasnovuє time s Arnold Ruge Novi magazine "Nіmetsko-frantsuzky schorіchnik". There's World number one viyshov deprivation schorіchnika (1844 p.). In nomu Bulo vikladeno Look Marx that Engelsa on power, law, relіgіyu.

Vodnochase Marks i Engels take fate in robotі revolyutsіynih group in Parizhі. Parizky perіod vіdіgrav virіshalnu role in Marx that zhittі Engelsa, stink steel Way profesіynoї revolyutsіynoї dіyalnostі.

Spіlnoyu risoyu rannіh Naukova Prace Marx that Engelsa Bulo namagannya poєdnati basis fіlosofske Buchan svitu іz sotsіalnoyu teorієyu, bring neobhіdnіst zmіni suspіlnogo fret. In vstupі to "Critics gegelіvskoї fіlosofії law" Marx Pichet, scho aktualnіst teorії zumovlyuєtsya required in nіy suspіlstva i scho tsya teorіya Mauger peretvoritis on grіznu force, yak Won tіlki ovolodіє Masami. Tsya thesis became viznachalnoyu for further CREATIVE Poshuk. Do away that Marx Engels put sobі for Meta obgruntuvati vlasnі revolyutsіynі Look for Relief ekonomіko-theoreticity doslіdzhennya zakonomіrnostey rozvitku suspіlstva.

Ekonomіchnі іdeї nayavnі vzhe in rannіh Prace Marx that Engelsa. Visnovki, SSMSC roblyat author, pіdkoreno odnіy metі - to bring, scho ekonomіchny rozvitok kapіtalіstichnogo suspіlstva prizvede to yogo collapse and revolyutsіynі peretvorennya Je neobhіdnimi for priskorennya tsogo processes.

The "Nіmetsko-frantsuzkomu schorіchniku" Bulo opublіkovano statte Engelsa "Draw up criticism polіtichnoї ekonomії" (1844), in yakіy vіn rozglyadaє bourgeois polіtichnu ekonomіyu od merkantilіzmu to Smіta, Rіkardo, Malthus, McCulloch, Mіllya, yak science, scho zahischaє kapіtalіzm , pobudovany on privatnіy vlasnostі.

Engels wrote scho minds of іsnuvannya privatnoї vlasnostі not toil Censu the category "natsіonalne bagatstvo" that "NATIONAL ekonomіka" bo in suspіlstvі all pіdkoreno іnteresam vlasnika. Monopolіya privatnoї vlasnostі Je cause of the crisis is the zubozhіnnya, protistoyannya in virobnitstvі on market analysis that in suspіlstvі. W usunennyam privatnoї vlasnostі bude virіsheno problem superechnostey, pochinayuchi s konkurentnoї Borotba i to Borotba klasіv.

In tsіy pratsі Engels rozglyanuv power privatnoї vlasnostі, vartostі, tsіni, konkurentsії i monopolії yak її porodzhennya, zarobіtnoї pay that іn. Hoch yogo Look at tsі ekonomіchnі category of not boule slit pіdtverdzhenі theoreticity vikladkami, ale stink suttєvo rіznilisya od viznachen іnshih ekonomіstіv.

Prace Marx "Ekonomіchno-fіlosofskі manuscript 1844 roku" not to priznachalas Druck, Ale has been viewed Etap vazhlivim Formation yogo ekonomіchnih poglyadіv. In nіy Marx zvernuvsya to problem vіdnosin mіzh that kapіtalom Prace, yak viznav for Headache in suspіlnih vіdnosinah. In tsomu kontekstі vіn rozglyadaє kapіtal yak nakopichenu chuzhu Prace. Usі FORMS dohodіv scho іsnuyut in suspіlstvі, toil ekspluatatorsku nature. Lachey zarobіtna board Je result zusil Naiman robіtnika, ale її kapіtalіst namagaєtsya postіyno zmenshiti, koristuyuchis svoєyu monopolієyu on vlasnіst schodo zasobіv virobnitstva.

The basis of Marx Zhittya suspіlstva ubachaє in materіalnomu virobnitstvі form yakogo zumovlyuєtsya Form vlasnostі. For kapіtalіzmu - tse vlasnіst on zasobi virobnitstva th robochem force. Rozvitok privatnoї vlasnostі in takіy formі Veda to її zagibelі and otzhe to zmіni іsnuyuchogo fret.

In "Ekonomіchno-fіlosofskih manuscript" Marx stverdzhuє, scho yak dosі polіtekonomіya science zahischala іsnuyuchy way, vіdpovіdala yogo required. Ninі її subject toil Why vіdnosini mіzh Prace that kapіtalom.

Dvi pratsі, napisanі Marx that Engelsom spіlno (1844-1846), demonstruyut Yednist їhnіh poglyadіv on ekonomіchnі zakonomіrnostі that prospect rozvitku kapіtalіzmu. Tse "holy sіmeystvo" that "Nіmetska іdeologіya". As for fіlosofskimi sutі, stink mіstyat number visnovkіv schodo determіnovanostі suspіlnogo arrange panіvnoyu Form vlasnostі. Marks i Engels stverdzhuyut scho kapіtalіzm himself stvoryuє Svoge ruynіvnika in osobі proletarіatu, mіsіya yakogo polyagaє in znischennі privatnoї vlasnostі, i bourgeois "polіtichna ekonomіya scho priymaє vіdnosini privatnoї vlasnostі for lyudyanі that rozumnі, bezperervno vpadaє in protirіchchya s basic peredumovoyu - Private vlasnіstyu" * 1 tobto evolyutsіya forms zv'yazuєtsya s rozvitkom suspіlstva productive forces. Zvіdsi viplivaє visnovok scho suspіlny podіl pratsі Veda to priskorennya Progreso productive forces i, yak naslіdok to formuvannya vіdpovіdnih virobnichih vіdnosin scho zavzhdi Musial vіdpovіdati rіvnyu rozvitku Tsikh powers. Superechnostі mіzh rіvnyami rozvitku Je Jerel Ruhu suspіlstva: if the stench dosyagayut apogee, the shaping can Buti virіshenі tіlki revolyutsіynim peretvorennyam suspіlstva.

* 1: {Marx, Engels F. - Express Yourself. - T. 2. - P. 27.}

The essence of the powers viznachayut yak stink dictatorship ekonomіchno panіvnogo class and category of pributku, rent, interest zv'yazuyut s іsnuvannyam privatnoї vlasnostі. Dictatorship proletarіatu scho lіkvіduє Private vlasnіst on їhnyu Dumka, zabezpechit іsnuvannya suspіlstva new type, in scho bude nomu rozpodіl zdіysnyuvatis for require and vlasnіst suspіlnoyu camp. At that hour Marks i Engels not viznavali reformіstskih shlyahіv transition to komunіstichnogo suspіlstva and bachili Taqiy perehіd tіlki through proletarsku revolyutsіyu.

1845 p. Engels publіkuє their Prace "encampment in Anglії robіtnichogo class." In nіy vіn vіdobraziv zagalnі zakonomіrnostі rozvitku kapіtalіzmu, showing scho kapіtalіstichne suspіlstvo buduє svіy Dobrobut on zubozhіnnі robіtnichogo class i, team itself, pіdshtovhuє yogo to Borotba.

Dvi pratsі Karl Marx "Zlidennіst fіlosofії" (1847 p.) That "Naiman Prace i kapіtal" (1849 p.) Boule Persha CRIC high road to stvorennya tsіlіsnoї ekonomіchnoї doctrine. Pong svіdchat about those scho vzhe yogo Look povnіstyu sformuvalis.

Meals on SSMSC namagaєtsya dati Marx vіdpovіd, polemіzuyuchi s "Fіlosofієyu zlidennostі" Proudhon stosuyutsya problemi mozhlivogo vdoskonalennya kapіtalіstichnogo suspіlstva. Analіzuyuchi the category virobnitstva - vartіst, zarobіtnu fee, rent, vіn bring, scho tsі ekonomіchnі yavischa ob'єktivno zumovlenі Form vlasnostі, rіvnem rozvitku suspіlstva. Їh not mozhna dovіlno stvoriti, chi vіdmіniti.

The essence of ekonomіchnih vіdnosin in kapіtalіstichnomu suspіlstvі, natural essence kapіtalu on yogo Dumka, viznachayutsya ponyattyam vartostі. W tsієї pozitsії, Marx can poyasniti OAO All ekonomіchnі yavischa, peredovsіm vіdnosini ekspluatatsії. Vіn rozkrivaє are kapіtalіstichnogo nagromadzhennya naslіdki i yogo, yak zarobіtnoї pay zhittєvogo mіnіmumu robіtnika, vkazuє on іsnuvannya genetichnogo zv'yazku pennies that product, kritikuє nomіnalіstichnu teorіyu pennies Proudhon. Marx doslіdzhuє yavische konkurentsії i bring, scho Won formuє monopolіzm.

"Naiman Pratzen that kapіtal" was further rozvitkom ekonomіchnih іdey, vikladenih in poperednіy pratsі. In tsomu tvorі Marx znov povertaєtsya to problem zarobіtnoї pay th kapіtalu, doslіdzhuє vpliv nagromadzhennya kapіtalu encampment on robіtnichogo class, vpliv rіznomanіtnih chinnikіv on rіven tsіn, rozkrivaє mehanіzm dії vartostі law. Vіn leaning viznachaє pokaznik stage ekspluatatsії, tobto spіvvіdnoshennya zarobіtnoї pay that pributku, analіzuє chinniki, kotrі vplivayut on rіven zarobіtnoї pay, that vislovlyuє ambush Dumka Marxism, scho Naiman slavery peretvoryuє robіtnika on goods, yaky Got his tsіnu, i tsya Rate (zarobіtna fee) zmіnyuєtsya pid vplivom popitu that Offers.

Rannі pratsі Marx not tіlki Mali sotsіalnu spryamovanіst i pratsyuvali on revolyutsіynu іdeyu, Ale boule vodnochase th Perche sprobami sistematizatsії ekonomіchnoї teorії.

Especially Location in teoretichnіy spadschinі tsogo perіodu zaymaє "Manіfest komunіstichnoї partії" (1848). Tse Purshia systematically viklad Especially klasovogo svіtoglyadu. The "Manіfestі" filed characteristic kapіtalіzmu, viznacheno yogo іstorichno Progressive role rozkrito yogo superechnostі. Polіtekonomіchny aspect happening at polyagaє visvіtlennі prospects kapіtalіstichnogo suspіlstva i yogo transformatsії in suspіlstvo komunіstichne. Zokrema, rozglyanuto characteristic klasovoї structuring dokapіtalіstichnih formatsіy, stadіy rozvitku kapіtalіzmu shown, yak kapіtalіstichnі virobnichі vіdnosini spriyali Progreso productive forces, and Pocha potіm їh skovuvati.

The "Manіfestі" okresleno takozh golovnі RISS Economy maybutnogo komunіstichnogo suspіlstva, pobudovanogo on suspіlnіy vlasnostі, she Roads Ahead yogo Formation: eksproprіatsіya zemelnoї vlasnostі, a temple Progressive podatok, Derzhavna tsentralіzatsіya loan that transport zbіlshennya derzhavnoї vlasnostі that її vdoskonalennya through tsentralіzovane planuvannya, obov'yazkovіst pratsі for vsіh, poєdnannya zemlerobstva s promislovіstyu, lіkvіdatsіya vіdmіnnostey mіzh mіstom i village, vihovannya dіtey for rakhunok suspіlstva toscho. Before proletarіatom put zavdannya zavoyuvannya polіtichnoї Vladi yak Purshia Step to a fallen Vladi burzhuazії i lіkvіdatsії privatnoї vlasnostі.

Іdeї, vikladenі in rannіh Prace Marx that Engelsa, potrebuvali theoreticity obgruntuvannya i z 1850 r. for direct spriyannya Engelsa that for yogo materіalnoї pіdtrimki (Engels viyavivsya dosit zdіbnim pіdpriєmtsem) Marx rozpochinaє robot Zi stvorennya fundamental ekonomіchnogo vchennya.

Pratsyuyuchi on a given problem, so Marx pіdgotuvav titles Chornovil manuscript. Zgoda vіn pіdkreslyuvav, scho Tsei written manuscripts not publіkatsії and viklyuchno s metoyu sistematizatsії Vlasnyi uyavlennya about maybutnyu theoreticity system.

Against "Chornovil Manuscripts 1857-1858 year" CCB dosit completion creates, oskіlki mіstiv already viklad quiet printsipіv, yakimi keruvavsya Marx in svoїy nastupnіy dіyalnostі: formulyuvannya object that the method polіtekonomії, viznachalnoї rolі virobnitstva that vіdnosin, scho in yogo vinikayut furrows, abstract mіra spіvvіdnoshennya that specific, that іstorichnogo logіchnogo in ekonomіchnomu doslіdzhennі. Tsіy pratsі slit brakuvalo sistematichnostі in analіzі problems Ale Marx ukazuє on Ti power, SSMSC toil Buti doslіdzhenі, Bulo dwellers mozhna stvoriti ekonomіko-theoreticity picture suspіlnogo Zhittya.

Before Tsikh power vіn vіdnosiv abstraktnі viznachennya zagalnogo nature, the category, scho harakterizuyut kapіtalіzm: kapіtal, Naiman Pratzen, land vlasnіst, class, credit obіg that іn. Vіn not get uwagi problemi natsіonalnih ekonomіk, pіdkreslyuyuchi scho vivchennya їh pochinaєtsya s analіzu population klasіv, natural resursіv, Galuzo virobnitstva, zovnіshnoї torgіvlі. Here sposterіgaєtsya vpliv nіmetskoї іstorichnoї school, scho zdіysnyuvala doslіdzhennya, vihodyachi s natsіonalnih suspіlstva characteristics.

Tvіr Bulo prisvyacheno EYAD The main problem - a pittance that doslіdzhennyu sutі kapіtalu. Marx z'yasovuє genetichny character pohodzhennya pennies i stverdzhuє scho їhnya are rozkrivaєtsya through analіz commodity virobnitstva second product, zaperechuyuchi іdeyu Proudhon stosovno mozhlivogo "vdoskonalennya" kapіtalіzmu s Relief "skasuvannya" pennies.

The basic Chastina manuscripts - tse rozglyad ponyattya kapіtalu. Marx traktuє groshі yak form Ruhu kapіtalu and mіnovu vartіst - yak yogo peredumovu utvorennya. Here proanalіzovano the category dodatkovoї vartostі, її Masi is the norm, ekspluatatsії naymanoї pratsі, robochoї Sealy (pratsezdatnostі) obіgu kapіtalu, Pochatkova nagromadzhennya kapіtalu. Analіz Tsikh kategorіy provadivsya on osnovі іstorichnogo method doslіdzhennya i pochinavsya s vivchennya forms dokapіtalіstichnih formatsіy.

In zagalnih risah in manuscript doslіdzheno processes virobnitstva dodatkovoї vartostі, її absolutely that vіdnosnu form. W tsієyu kategorієyu Marx zv'yazuє rozumіnnya Nature postіynogo that zmіnnogo kapіtalu, vidіlyayuchi basically the werewolf kapіtal. Marx analіzuє takozh processes peretvorennya dodatkovoї vartostі on Prybutok that utvorennya serednoї normalized pributku.

Pratsyuyuchi on the manuscript, Marx Sklave plan nastupnoї theoretical doslіdnitskoї robots. The basic іdeya tsogo plan polyagala in tіm, dwellers obgruntuvati teorіyu kapіtalu s pozitsіy analіzu dodatkovoї vartostі, doslіditi OAO All ekonomіchnі yavischa, pritamannі kapіtalіzmovі and minds takozh viniknennya that funktsіonuvannya kapіtalu.

Getting to pratsі over ekonomіchnim create, yaky priznachavsya to Vidanov Marx already in 1859 r. vipustiv two rozdіli pershoї book zagalnoyu pid titles "To critics polіtichnoї ekonomії". Purshia іz them - "Goods" - prisvyacheno teorії trudovoї vartostі. In nomu critical proanalіzovano Look at qiu problem pope-rednikіv: Pettі, Smіta, Rіkardo that іnshih. In another rozdіlі "Grau shі, abo simply obіg" rozglyadayutsya power scho Bulo їh vikladeno Chornovil in the manuscript. Here suttєva takozh uwagi pridіlyaєtsya Cree-titsі teorії "robochem pennies" Proudhon, ale yogo Positive Chastain vchennya spriynyato i dopovneno rozglyadom funktsіy pennies in zv'yazku s їhnoyu Sutta. Pіznіshe, the "Kapіtalі" vikladayuchi qiu problem, Marx uniquely skoroti dosit ob'єmny materіal cat-ries have nazvanіy publіkatsії Je factuality okremim Fundamental doslіdzhennyam.

Pіslya nevelikoї Pererva Marx znovu povertaєtsya to svoїh doslіdzhen (1861 p.) I 1863 p. zakіnchuє manuscript "To critics polіtichnoї ekonomії", scho at sutі, vzhe bula other handwritten varіantom "Kapіtalu". Syudi, krіm rozglyanutih have power, uvіyshla theo-rіya vіdtvorennya, peretvorennya pributku on serednіy Prybutok, vartostі - on tsіnu virobnitstva, proanalіzovano dzherela absolyutnoї rent. Zmіst maybutnogo, the fourth volume of "Kapіtalu" - "Teorії dodatkovoї vartostі" - mayzhe povnіstyu in tsomu Bulo vikladeno manuscript.

Tretіy handwritten varіant "Kapіtalu" (1864-1865) for priznachavsya publіkatsії and to have materіal nomu Bulo filed bіlsh sistematizovanomu viglyadі. Zmіstom yogo becoming gruntovny theoreticity analіz kapіtalіstichnogo virobnitstva.