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Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

Other that "Kapіtalu"

Other that "Kapіtalu". Other tretіy that Tom "Kapіtalu" viyshli in Svit zavdyaki Frіdrіhu Engelsu, scho, vikonuyuchi zapovіt Marx's manuscripts doopratsyuvav yogo i zabezpechiv їh Vidanov. Pong boule logіchnim prodovzhennyam that rozvitkom іdey Perche that.

Other that "Kapіtalu" Got the title "Process obіgu kapіtalu".

Rozglyanuvshi problemi virobnitstva kapіtalu, Karl Marx, viznachayuchi yogo essence ukazuvav scho kapіtal vinikaє in obіgu that pose obіgom odnochasno. Obіg zumovlyuєtsya virobnitstvom i nabiraє quiet forms SSMSC vіdpovіdayut vimogam virobnitstva.

The problem, scho її Marx namagaєtsya virіshiti in another tomі "Kapіtalu" - tse viznachennya rolі obіgovih forms in stvorennі dodatkovoї vartostі that kapіtalu and takozh doslіdzhennya superechnostey obіgu for kapіtalіzmu.

Viznachayuchi scope obіgu kapіtalu Marx pochinaє analіz іz vivchennya Ruhu abstract suspіlnogo kapіtalu, yaky vіn rozglyadaє yak scrip іndivіdualnih kapіtalіv.

Tsei hour pid kapіtal zaznaє obіgu low peretvoren. On pershіy stadії vіn vistupaє in groshovіy formі. Natomіst robochem force that zasobi virobnitstva perebuvayut on market analysis pratsі that tovarіv in tovarnіy formі. Kapіtalіst kupuє robochem force that zasobi virobnitstva, peretvoryuyuchi kapіtal іz trumpery on commodity i zakladayuchi peredumovu for ob'єdnannya robochoї Seeley that zasobіv virobnitstva, tobto stvorennya productive kapіtalu.

Another stadіya Je timchasovim pripinennyam obіgu processes, the transition from commodity kapіtalu virobnichu, productive forms. Pid hour tsієї stadії vіdbuvaєtsya ob'єdnannya dvoh vidіv tovarnoї FORMS kapіtalu - robochoї Seeley that zasobіv virobnitstva scho Yea obov'yazkovoyu minds zdіysnennya virobnitstva processes. Stvorenі pid hour virobnitstva Flea toil vzhe іnshu, bіlshu, nіzh Pochatkova, vartіst, oskіlki in protsesі virobnitstva to vartostі robochoї Seeley that zasobіv virobnitstva priєdnuєtsya dodatkova vartіst. Vlasnyi, zaradi zrostannya vartostі vіdbuvaєtsya ruh kapіtalu.

Thirdly stadіya - tse vіdnovlennya processes obіgu i sales kapіtalіstom viroblenih tovarіv, tobto zvorotny processes peretvorennya tovarnoї FORMS kapіtalu on the penny, ale Got teper kapіtalіst in svoєmu rozporyadzhennі bіlshu the bag.

Persha that third stadії Ruhu kapіtalu nalezhat to spherical obіgu, other de vіdbuvaєtsya real zmіna forms - to virobnitstva. Kapіtal poslіdovno zmіnyuє three forms: penny, productive, commodity i, perebuvayuchi in kozhnіy s them vikonuє Especially funktsіyu, and that Marx nazivaє їh funktsіonalnimi forms kapіtalu, vіdokremlyuyuchi kapіtal-vlasnіst od kapіtalu-funktsії, zasobi virobnitstva od kapіtalu, groshі od trumpery kapіtalu , chogo not Zroby i scho yogo poperedniki logіchno viplivalo s teorії Smіta that Rіkardo.

Marx robit visnovok scho zagalny ruh kapіtalu pіdporyadkovano єdinіy metі second motive kapіtalіstichnogo virobnitstva - virobnitstvu dodatkovoї vartostі. Qiu Meta directly vіdobrazheno in protsesі obmіnu and її are rozkrivaєtsya in protsesі virobnitstva. Yednist processes virobnitstva that processes obіgu zabezpechuє zrostannya vartostі.

Dali Marx memo analіzuє funktsіonalne priznachennya kozhnoї s forms. Vіn rozmezhovuє ponyattya pennies that trumpery kapіta-lu, poyasnyuyuchi tse їh rіznim priznachennyam that vikonuvanimi funktsіyami. Penny kapіtal realіzuє mainly funktsіyu - samozbіlshennya i peredbachaє іsnuvannya pratsі market analysis, todі yak groshі - market analysis tovarіv. Krіm of groshі zdіysnyuyut p'yat funktsіy and deprivation kapіtal one name.

Another form funktsіonalna - productive kapіtal on vіdmіnu od trumpery that trade kapіtalu scho perebuvayut in sferі obіgu, vіn Je basic form, scho th zumovlyuє zabezpechuє іsnuvannya іnshih forms through virobnitstvo dodatkovoї vartostі.

Mercantile kapіtal vіdrіznyaєtsya od trumpery that productive kapіtalіv yak for the form, so i for vartіstyu. Goods staє trademark kapіtalom zavdyaki fact scho vklyuchaє a dodatkovu vartіst, yak sluzhitime nadalі bazoyu for rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya, vikonavshi funktsіyu nosіya dodatkovoї vartostі in protsesі realіzatsії.

Promyslova kapіtal in protsesі Svoge Ruhu is staying odnochasno access in all forms of i on vsіh stadіyah. Especially Tse stosuєtsya suspіlnogo kapіtalu, oskіlki іndivіdualnі kapіtali mozhut timchasovo pripinyati svіy ruh, napriklad, if goods realіzovano i Absent dodatkovih zasobіv for vіdnovlennya virobnitstva, chi in perіodi nadvirobnitstva crisis.

Poslіdovnu zmіnu forms od groshovoї through commodity that productive znovu to tovarnoї that groshovoї Marx nazivaє krugoobіgom kapіtalu.

Krіm poslіdovnoї zmіni forms Marx rozglyadaє okremo krugoobіg kozhnoї s them їhnіy ruh od pochatkovoї to kіntsevoї quantities, yak vzhe vklyuchaє dodatkovu vartіst. Vіn viznachaє osoblivostі kozhnoї s them i vkazuє the problems scho vinikayut.

So, napriklad, analіz krugoobіgu commodity kapіtalu daє mozhlivіst z'yasuvati chinniki viniknennya problemi realіzatsії. Marx robit visnovok scho bezperervnіst krugoobіgu kapіtalu deposits od virobnichogo that іndivіdualnogo spozhivannya.

Rozglyadayuchi kapіtal yak bezperervny ruh vartostі in rezultatі yakogo stvoryuєtsya dodatkova vartіst Marx dopovniv vchennya merkantilіstіv, SSMSC viznavali deprivation іsnuvannya commodity kapіtalu, i vchennya Smіta that Rіkardo, SSMSC viznavali deprivation bezperervnіst Ruhu productive kapіtalu. Yednist krugoobіgіv troh forms at Dumka Marx viznachaє іsnuvannya kapіtalu.

Scope obіgu not obmezhuєtsya deprivation zmіnoyu forms kapіtalu and second vіdіgraє nalezhnu role in zrostannі vartostі. Tom Marx analіzuє vitrati obіgu, rozpodіlyayuchi їh on chistі that dodatkovі scho zbіlshuyut vartіst product.

Krіm zaznachenih problems in other tomі "Kapіtalu" Karl Marx doslіdzhuє vpliv rіznomanіtnih chinnikіv on shvidkіst zmіni forms kapіtalu, yogo zrostannya. Vіn viznachaє kategorіyu turnover kapіtalu: krugoobіg kapіtalu, uzyaty not yak okremy act and yak perіodichny processes. Hour for yaky avansovany kapіtal held that the scope of virobnitstva obіgu i povertaєtsya s dodatkovoyu vartіstyu, vіn calling hour kapіtalu turnover. Tobto hour turnover for viznachennyam Marx vklyuchaє hour virobnitstva obіgu that hour. Shvidkіst turnover vimіryuєtsya kіlkіstyu oborotіv for Pevnyi promіzhok hour.

Osoblivostі turnover rіznih Chastain kapіtalu in protsesі virobnitstva Marx zv'yazuє s їhnіmi specifications: Main vіn nazivaє that kapіtal scho bere fate in virobnitstvі povnіstyu, ale its product vartіst vartіst to carry chastkami; Werewolves - one vartіst yakogo transferred per revolution i povnіstyu povertaєtsya to vlasnika pіslya zakіnchennya virobnichogo cycle. Materіalnimi nosіyami working kapіtalu Yea, yak usually Objects pratsі th robochem force, and the main - zasobi virobnitstva.

Detail rozglyanuto moral problem that fіzichnogo znoshuvannya kapіtalu in protsesі virobnitstva, vpliv Tsikh chinnikіv on nagromadzhennya that vіdtvoryuvalnі processes. Predstavniki neoklasichnogo napryamku in polіtichnіy ekonomії vvazhali scho teorіya moral starіnnya kapіtalu Je naylіpshoyu іlyustratsієyu law spadnoї vіddachі one s faktorіv virobnitstva.

On the one pershіy tretіy stadії kapіtal is staying at sferі obіgu scho yogo oznachaє viluchennya Zi spherical virobnitstva. Marx Nazi-vaє yogo kapіtalom obіgu (obіgovy kapіtal). Otzhe, schodo obіgu kapіtalu, yogo structure rozglyadaєtsya descho іnakshe, nіzh Tse Bulo zrobleno Marx stosovno virobnitstva. Podіl kapіtalu on basically the werewolf schodo spherical obіgu giving zmogu bіlsh gliboko doslіditi zakonomіrnostі obіgu rіznih yogo Chastain that funktsії forms suspіlnogo kapіtalu. Marx pіdkreslyuє scho Takeo rozumіnnya structuring kapіtalu not skasovuє yogo podіlu on postіyny that zmіnny, ale maskuє problem klasovogo virobnitstva nature. Vіn zvertaє uwagi on qiu obstavinu i zaznachaє scho sama through neї klasichna polіtichna ekonomіya not spromoglasya rozkriti are rіznih dohodіv forms.
Doslіdzhennya zagalnogo (serednya magnitude oborotіv yogo warehouses) is the real (Povny vіdtvorennya kapіtalu) oborotіv kapіtalu gave zmogu Marx zrobiti visnovok scho materіalna basis ekonomіchnih crisis kriєtsya in Masov onovlennі main kapіtalu that in superechnostі mіzh obsyagami virobnitstva i platospromozhnіstyu. Tsey visnovok Yea i sogodnі expired. Vіn umozhlivlyuє rozmezhuvannya tsiklіchnih crisis nadvirobnitstva that i promіzhnih structural crisis. Yogo viznayut OAO All school polіtichnoї ekonomії.

Analіz kategorіy spherical obіgu zavershuєtsya Marx vivchennyam vplivu trivalostі virobnitstva hour, an hour that obіgu robochem perіodu on zrostannya vartostі scho gave mozhlivіst viyaviti Reason podіlu kapіtalu on dіyuchy that nedіyuchy, avansovany that really vikoristovuvany, viznachiti Reason viniknennya kreditіv.

Doslіdzhuyuchi ruh іndivіdualnogo kapіtalu Marx Zroby low poached, in tіm chislі Takeo, scho minds vіdtvorennya іndivіdualnogo kapіtalu not pereshkodzhayut metamorphosis forms kapіtalu suspіlnogo. However suspіlstvі, pobudovanomu to privacy іnteresі, vazhlive values ​​toil vzaєmovіdnosini vsієї sukupnostі іndivіdualnih kapіtalіv, їhnya povedіnka on spіlnomu vsіh for market analysis. Tom Marx slit up to the challenge again povertaєtsya Ruhu vsogo suspіlnogo kapіtalu.

Vіn stverdzhuє scho Normal processes vіdtvorennya suspіlnogo kapіtalu Mauger deprivation vіdbuvatisya todі, if trademark kapіtal usіh kapіtalіstіv dial groshovoї form. Golovna problem whether yakogo commodity virobnitstva - tse peretvorennya product on groshі. Tom A major Umov vіdtvorennya suspіlnogo kapіtalu - virіshennya problemi realіzatsії sukupnogo suspіlnogo product velicheznoї masi rіznorіdnih tovarіv.

For Tsikh minds zabezpechennya neobhіdno, dwellers rinok Offers exactly vіdpovіdav rinkovі popitu (todі realіzatsіyu tovarіv bude garantovano) that dwellers Bulo vitrimano neobhіdnі proportsії in suspіlnomu virobnitstvі. For kapіtalіzmu, if panuє anarhіya, stvorennya nemozhlive such minds, s ale Marx vihodit poached, scho Leather goods on market analysis znahodit pokuptsya Svoge.

W vazhlivih poached, neobhіdnih for theoreticity analіzu minds vіdtvorennya suspіlnogo product can takozh nazvati: podіl suspіlnogo product into two velikі pіdrozdіli - zasobi virobnitstva (I) is the subject of spozhivannya (II) i spіvvіdnesennya їh іz vartіsnoyu form; vіdpovіdnіst tsіn i vartostey; іsnuvannya deprivation dvoh klasіv in kapіtalіstichnomu suspіlstvі - kapіtalіstіv that Naiman robіtnikіv; postіyna magnitude normalization pributku; nezmіnnіst organіchnoї Budova kapіtalu; abstraguvannya od rіznitsі mіzh basically the werewolf that kapіtalom od Credit pennies mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі, nevirobnichoї sphere opodatkuvannya, zemelnoї rent.

Krіm of Marx spochatku analіzuє minds realіzatsії suspіlnogo product for simple vіdtvorennya i deprivation potіm buduє scheme obmіnu for rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya.

Vіn bring, scho Bulo pomilkoyu Adam Smіta Institution vsogo suspіlnogo Product deprivation to novoї stvorenoї vartostі (pure product chi natsіonalnogo income), scho prizvelo to іgnoruvannya factor virobnichogo spozhivannya. Dumka On Marx's view of the Same Tsei spozhivannya vіdіgraє virіshalnu role in formuvannі proportsіy suspіlnogo vіdtvorennya. And rozpodіl zasobіv virobnitstva in furrows Perche pіdrozdіlu viznachaє not deprivation chastku other at vіdtvoryuvalnomu protsesі and zumovlyuє yogo th structure is the structure spozhivannya. Zgoda sama tsієyu Dumka skoristaєtsya J. M. Keynes, stvoryuyuchi his teorіyu "efektivnosti popitu".

Main zavdannyam teorії realіzatsії Marx respected vstanovlennya proportsіy mіzh EYAD mainly pіdrozdіlami suspіlnogo vіdtvorennya s metoyu viznachennya shlyahіv bezkrizovogo rozvitku suspіlstva. Vіn ukazuvav scho ob'єktivnі vimogi proportsіynostі for kapіtalіzmu toruyut sobі Way through zagalnі disproportsії.

Marx formulyuє minds realіzatsії suspіlnogo product for simple that rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya, pіdkreslyuyuchi scho obmіn products pratsі in furrows pіdrozdіlu that mіzh pіdrozdіlami suspіlnogo virobnitstva Got spriyati vіdshkoduvannyu spozhitih faktorіv virobnitstva in natural that vartіsnomu virazі. For simple vіdtvorennya OAO All obmіnyuvanі Chastain toil Buti totozhnimi. For rozshirenogo vіdtvorennya, yak vіdbuvaєtsya through nagromadzhen-nya, kapіtalіzatsіyu chastki dodatkovoї vartostі, tsі spіvvіdnoshennya mozhna mathe- matical viraziti nerіvnostyami, oskіlki suspіlstvo stvoryuє bіlshe zasobіv virobnitstva, nіzh potrіbno for zamіschennya znoshenih. Rіznitsya viznachaєtsya rozmіrami nagromadzhennya, yogo norms.

Proanalіzuvavshi zakonomіrnostі processes vіdtvorennya, Marx showed theoreticity mozhlivіst realіzatsії vsogo suspіlnogo product of minds dotrimannya proportsіy virobnitstva. However, Marx Dumka, Tse Sotho mozhlivіst theoretical nature, oskіlki superechnostі kapіtalіzmu Je postіynim Jerel virobnichih crisis.

Ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi torn down in suspіlstvі generally produces up zagostrennya ekonomіchnih not deprivation, and th sotsіalnih superechnostey.