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Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY
5. Postkeynsіanstvo
Rozroblenі in teorії Keynes that yogo poslіdovnikіv rіznomanіtnі praktichnі rekomendatsії pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni actively vtіlyuvalisya in ekonomіchnіy polіtitsі zahіdnih kraїn. Tsey napryamok, arrogant znachnoї evolyutsії, staє panіvnim in zahіdnіy ekonomіchnіy teorії 50-60 pp.
Prote vzhe in drugіy polovinі 60 pp. i Especially in the 70 Ti pp. Recipes neokeynsіanskoї modelі Pocha all bіlshe superechiti ob'єktivnim laws rozvitku i, bіlshe of stink navіt spriyali zagostrennyu okremih problems. So, naybіlsh GOSTR problems for togochasnoї Economy stayut іnflyatsіya, defіtsit sovereign budget i Especially - tsiklіchnіst rozvitku. Sotsіalno-ekonomіchny i polіtichny rozvitok zahіdnih kraїn pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni s usієyu naochnіstyu dovіv scho Reigning regulyuvannya Economy not spromozhne zabezpechiti povnoї zaynyatostі i rіvnovagi. On bazі keynsіanskih kontseptsіy i models is away rozv'yazati problems realіzatsії i bezkrizovogo rozvitku.
Іnіtsіatorami keynsіanstva critics began peredovsіm yogo traditsіynі suprotivniki s neoklasichnoї school, zokrema monetarists, prihilniki teorії Offers, teorії ratsіonalnih ochіkuvan that іn. For Tsikh minds further rozvitok keynsіanstva zdіysnyuєtsya extinguished yogo pid new reformuvannya, appearing novih shkіl that napryamkіv. Sche 60-70-x pp. at Naukova svіtі staє vіdomim Rank postkeyn so-sіanstvo.
Іstorichno postkeynsіanstvo sformuvalosya zlittyam dvoh Naukova napryamkіv: anglіyskogo lіvogo keynsіanstva s center at Kembrіdzhі de trivaly hour i lived pratsyuvala J. Robіnson - zagalnoviznany Lider tsієї techії, i amerikanskoї groupies ekonomіstіv (R. Klauer, P. Devіdson, A. Leijonhufvud, pp. Weintraub, H. Mіnskі that іn.). Amerikantsі slit іz mid-60 pp. s critic has acted keynsіanskoї ortodoksії yak teorії "rіvnovagi s nepovnoyu zaynyatіstyu". Pong stverdzhuvali scho versіya keynsіanstva scho rozroblena E. Hansen, P. Samuelson, J.. Hіksom, spotvorila spravzhnyu are teorії Keynes.
Lіvі keynsіantsі, naybіlsh yaskravim predstavnikom yakih Bula Joan Violet Robіnson (1903-1983), and takozh N. Kaldor, P. Sraffa, prodovzhili criticism of neoclassicism, and especially yogo metodologіchnoї basis - marzhinalіzmu. Main svoїm zavdannyam stink vvazhali do updates vchennya Keynes is the making available to the logіchnogo kіntsya zaperechennya neoklasichnoї system. Same for the fact ob'єkt svoєї criticism lіvі keynsіantsі took metodologіchnі principle is not tіlki neoklasichnih and second neokeynsіanskih teorіy. So, napriklad, stink categorically vіdmovlyayutsya od modelі Hіksa-Hansen traktuyuchi її yak "nezakonnonarodzhene Keynesian economics." Joan Robіnson odnієyu s Persha viznala Creasy orthodox keynsіanstva.
Ogoloshuyuchi currently poslіdovnikami Keynes lіvі keynsіantsі against not obmezhuvalisya tіlki yogo theoreticity postulates. In svoїy kontseptsії stink eklektichno sintezuvali іdeї D.Rіkardo (zokrema about protilezhnіst pributku that salary okremі aspects teorії vartostі), Keynes, іnstitutsіonalіzm, scientists radikalіv of order i s CIM zapozichili deyakі marksistskі іdeї (napriklad, schodo realіzatsії sukupnogo suspіlnogo product).
Lіve Keynesian economics - reformіstsky, drіbnoburzhuazny varіant keynsіanskoї teorії, spryamovany on Zahist іnteresіv nemonopolіstichnogo kapіtalu, fermerіv, іntelіgentsії, sluzhbovtsіv that robіtnikіv. Lіvі keynsіantsі visuvayut svoї varіanti reformuvannya kapіtalіzmu, pragnuchi pіdkrіpiti їh realіstichnіshoyu ekonomіchnoyu teorієyu. Same tsomu employees їhnі іnterpretatsії problems efektivnosti popitu, ekonomіchnogo zrostannya that rozpodіlu Food mіkroekonomіki (teorіya vartostі, tsіnoutvorennya). Korіn evil predstavniki tsogo napryamku Bacha in nedostatnostі "efektivnosti popitu" naslіdkom chogo Je bezrobіttya that crisis. Prote (on vіdmіnu od traditsіynogo keynsіanstva) cause of headache nedostatnogo popitu stink vvazhayut nerіvnomіrnіst i nespravedlivіst rozpodіlu natsіonalnogo income. Joan Robіnson, zokrema, Zroby sprobu zv'yazati teorіyu Keynes' s Marxism i vklyuchiti in neї sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі factors have tіm chislі rozpodіl natsіonalnogo income. On її Dumka, zbalansovane zrostannya mozhlive for minds, scho chastka zarobіtnoї pay at natsіonalnomu dohodі Je dostatno Visoko i vіdpovіdnim rank balansuєtsya s pributkom. Besides the problem of "efektivnosti popitu" J. Robіnson zv'yazuє Zi zdіysnennyam deyakih sotsіalnih reforms s pіdvischennyam zarobіtnoї pay i viznannyam right profspіlok on Borotba for її zbіlshennya, s radikalnіshimi Programs sovereign pererozpodіlu dohodіv, Zi skorochennyam vіyskovih vitrat, obmezhennyam Vladi monopolіy.
Kontseptsіya lіvih keynsіantsіv Progressive Yea, more, on au-Perche, Won kritikuє zasillya monopolіy, pіkreslyuyuchi nebezpeku nadmіrnoї kontsentratsії ekonomіchnoї mogutnostі in їhnіh hands. Lіvі keynsіantsі visuvayut number Antimonopoly vimog scho zooms їh pіdtrimku Progressive forces zahіdnih kraїn, zokrema robіtnichim Rukh. Alternatively, prihilniki tsієї kontseptsії napolyagayut on rozv'yazannі Pevnyi sotsіalnih problems zokrema lіkvіdatsії nerіvnostі in rozpodіlі dohodіv i zbіlshennі kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі population pereorієntuvannі vіyskovih vitrat on zhitlove budіvnitstvo, receptionists Health Protection, sotsіalne strahuvannya i t. Іn.
Z J. іmenami. Robіnson she N. Kaldor zv'yazano rozrobku kontseptsії rozpodіlu, yak spiraєtsya on teorіyu vіdtvorennya that zrostannya J. M. Keynes. Osnovnі Elements postkeynsіanskogo pіdhodu to tsієї problems can sformulyuvati so. According au-Perche, formuvannya dohodіv not zv'yazane s boundary produktivnіstyu agentіv virobnitstva and otzhe, nerіvnіst in rozpodіlі not mozhna poyasniti rіznimi rіvnyami produktivnostі Tsikh agentіv. Reason rіznitsі income postkeynsіantsі vbachayut, s one side, in that sotsіalnih polіtichnih traditsіyah rіshennyah i and s іnshogo - at dії rinkovih forces.
Alternatively, rіvnі zarobіtnoї pay that pributku and takozh spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh them viznachayutsya odnochasno s іnshimi makroekonomіchnimi zmіnnimi and the Same: rate zrostannya natsіonalnogo product rate rozshirennya zaynyatostі, dinamіkoyu tsіn i t іn..
In tretє, viznachalnoyu determіnantoyu processes nagromadzhennya Je іnvestitsіyna dіyalnіst. Zrushennya in ekonomіchnіy kon'yunkturі, sprichinenі pіdvischennyam abo znizhennyam obsyagіv kapіtalovkladen, vplivayut on processes ekonomіchnogo zrostannya i rozpodіlu uniquely bіlshe anіzh zmіni vіdnosnih tsіn.
In the fourth, the boundary skhilnіst to zaoschadzhennya in vlasnikіv kapіtalu Vishcha, nіzh in quiet, hto otrimuє zarobіtnu fee. Prote at Dumka postkeynsіantsіv, іntensivnіst processes іnvestuvannya deposits not od granichnoї skhilnostі to zaoschadzhennya s pributku and od kompleksnoї otsіnki pіdpriєmtsyami prospects ekonomіchnogo rozvitku.
In postkeynsіanskih teorіyah rozpodіlu rozvinuto Dali keynsіansky postulate about rіvnіst clean іnvestitsіy that dobrovіlnih zaoschadzhen. Ale on vіdmіnu od Keynes postkeynsіantsі, analіzuyuchi mehanіzm scho zabezpechuє virіvnyuvannya ochіkuvanih zaoschadzhen that іnvestitsіy, Especially nagoloshuyut on potrebі Change log in sistemі-podіlu roses, Hoch i do not give gruntovnogo analіzu zakonomіrnostey vor muvannya dohodіv rіznih klasіv that sotsіalnih group. So, rozpodіlu system for Kaldor Got zabezpechuvati vіdpovіdny rіven zaoschadzhen. A magnitude normalization oskіlki zaoschadzhennya digit mіroyu Je funktsієyu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo status oderzhuvachіv income, then virіshennya problemi rozpodіlu in Kaldor in kіntsevomu pіdsumku mozhna zobraziti in viglyadі dostatno prostoї scheme: Yakscho zaoschadzhen nedostatno, it requires zbіlshiti Income quiet, hto bіlshe zaoschadzhuє.
N. Kaldor respects, scho in suchasnіy zahіdnіy ekonomіtsі rіven virobnitstva obmezheny not efektivnosti popitom and obsyagom nayavnih virobnichih resursіv, otzhe problem realіzatsії on vіdmіnu od teorії Keynes viznachaє i spryamovanostі nature of causality in fallow modelі Kaldor. HEAD factor scho formuє character vzaєmozv'yazkіv mіzh ekonomіchnimi zmіnnimi, Yea, for Kaldor, tehnologіchnі virobnitstva minds. Same tsі minds vplivayut i by the amount kapіtalnogo koefіtsієnta, i for yogo on neobhіdny pіdtrimuvannya obsyag іnvestitsіy.
Vazhlivu role in formuvannі teoretichnoї kontseptsії lіvogo keynsіanstva, yak pid vistupaє extinguished "antimarzhinalіstskoї revolyutsії" J. krіm. Robіnson, vіdіgrav one іz predstavnikіv kembrіdzhskoї school P'єro Sraffa. Yogo kontseptsіyu, vikladenu in knizhtsі "Virobnitstvo tovarіv tovarіv for Relief" (1960) prihilniki lіvogo keynsіanstva otsіnyuyut yak logіchnu pіdstavu for pobudovi novoї teorії rozpodіlu. Sraffa vіdkidaє neoklasichnu teorіyu formuvannya vartostі th rozpodіlu, porivaє s kontseptsіyami "granichnoї korisnostі" i "granichnoї produktivnostі" povertayuchis to teorії vartostі D. Rіkardo. Mayzhe nіhto, krіm Mіllya that Marx navіt not zrozumіv scho MAV on uvazі Rіkardo, shukayuchi "nezmіnne mіrilo vartostі" Cauterets Square bude od for Change in zarplatі yak, so i in normі pributku. Sraffa Well pragnuv bring, scho meta Rіkardo naspravdі Mauger Buti dosyagnutoyu i її dosyagnennya zv'yazane s glibokimi visnovkami for suchasnoї ekonomіchnoї teorії. Vartіst in Sraffa - tse Sotho fіzіologіchnі vitrati pratsі on virobnitstvo product. For obgruntuvannya svoєї kontseptsії vіn vikoristovuє proportsії simple rozshirenogo od i-creation.
Sraffa pіddav gostrіy krititsі rozpodіlchu funktsіyu vіlnoї konkurentsії, yak for tverdzhennyam klasikіv, stihіyno zabezpechuє obsession cutaneous іz faktorіv virobnitstva (Praca Land kapіtal) svoєї chastki in stvorenomu dohodі vіdpovіdno to granichnoї produktivnostі. Konkurentsіyu in suchasnіy ekonomіtsі zahіdnih kraїn Sraffa viznaє for nedoskonalu. According au-Perche on yogo Dumka, krivі Ruhu tsіni th income neadekvatnі curve Ruhu granichnoї produktivnostі, tobto not zabezpechuyut odnakovih virobnikam minds. So, napriklad on great monopolіstichnih pіdpriєmstvah limit values vitrat virobnitstva zavzhdi Je Mensch and otzhe, rozmіr otrimuvanogo them bіlshy income. Tse dodatkovo posilyuє monopolіstichnі tendentsії scho prizvodyat to zahoplennya Rinku okremimi pіdpriєmstvami.
Alternatively, further mezhami rozshirennya virobnitstva for pіdpriєmtsya Je problemi realіzatsії viroblenogo product have rezultatі chogo znizhuyutsya tsіni i zrostayut vitrati obіgu. Yakscho іsnuє mozhlivіst znizhennya tsіn okremimi Sellers pіdkreslyuє Sraffa, the MTIE is mute about zhodnu vіlnu konkurentsіyu.
In tretє, zgіdno s klasichnoyu teorієyu Basic Rate Je minds vіlnoї konkurentsії. Sraffa, against vvazhaє scho Yea Rate on goods not єdinim privіleєm for pokuptsіv. Factors scho zumovlyuyut vibіr them of chi іnshogo product, Je yogo yakіst, torgovelna toscho mark. Oznachaє Tse, scho okremі Username Lost Password gotovі kupuvati goods pevnoї fіrmi navіt for vischu tsіnu, oskіlki vіn naybіlshe vіdpovіdaє їhnіm required. For such minds rinok okremih tovarіv rozpadaєtsya on kіlka rinkіv quiet themselves tovarіv, ale on dermal s are іsnuvatimut rіznі tsіni. In order to penetrate the dwellers INSHI markets Agricultural Art, cutaneous okremomu seller neobhіdno zbіlshiti vitrati obіgu and vіdtak on Vlasnyi Rinku stink toil privіleyovane encampment, scho zrіvnyuє їh іz monopolіyami.
Sraffa and takozh J. Chemberlіn nagoloshuyut, scho in suchasnіy ekonomіtsі clean konkurentsіya Je defіnіtsієyu deprivation, ale with such a pure monopolіya Je minutes. A otzhe in realnіy ekonomіtsі tsі Dvi tendentsії tіsno ne-replіtayutsya, porodzhuyuchi another one. Robіnson i Chemberlіn zaznachayut scho monopolіstichna konkurentsіya - tse konkurentsіya for yakoї Username Lost Password mozhut chіtko vіdrіzniti goods one od one. Robіn-sleep nazivaє Taku konkurentsіyu nedoskonaloyu, Chemberlіn - monopoly.
Criticism of orthodox keynsіanstva the US leads the such basic napryamkami. According au-Perche, "orthodoxy" not rozroblyali teorії іnflyatsії, vіdіrvavshi realnі processes od protsesіv tsіnoutvorennya. In rezultatі tsogo їhnі teorії cycle that antitsiklіchnoї Recipes polіtiki viyavilisya nespromozhnimi for stagflyatsії minds. In another way, the stench іgnoruvali role penny and credit faktorіv that fіnansovoї system in tsіlomu yak reasons scho porodzhuvali i stimulyuvali ekonomіchnu nestabіlnіst. Same on Tsikh problems zoseredzhuє their uwagi basis of Keynesian economics.
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