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Reigning regulyuvannya Economy - Net SM

7.2. Regulyuvannya torgovelnoї dіyalnostі

In sistemі zovnіshnoekonomіchnih vіdnosin powers smut Location nalezhit torgovelnіy dіyalnostі. Same zovnіshnya torgіvlya Bula tієyu Pochatkova Form mіzhnarodnoї gospodarskoї dіyalnostі, yak stimulyuvala rozvitok іnshih її vidіv. W formuvannyam Rinku i zrostannyam zalezhnostі od Demba natsіonalnih Gospodarstwa, zovnіshnotorgovelna dіyalnіst staє zhittєvo vazhlivoyu for all bіlshogo Cola kraїn scho zaluchayutsya to mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі.

Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya - tse system ekonomіchnih vіdnosin kraїn, metoyu yakih Je imported abo vivezennya tovarіv that poslug. Before tovarіv scho prodayutsya that kupuyutsya zovnіshnomu on market analysis, nalezhat: ready Produkciya, sirovina, napіvfabrikati and takozh priznachenі products for sale іntelektualnoї dіyalnostі - Patents, lіtsenzії, fіrmovі signs toscho. Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya Hotel ohoplyuє mіzhnarodny tourism transportnі Hotel, strahovі operatsії, bankіvskі, bіrzhovі that poserednitskі Hotel, fairs that іn.

Nadzvychaina sytuatsia poshirennya torgovelnoї dіyalnostі potrebuє zakonodavchogo vstanovlennya Pevnyi minds i rules її funktsіonuvannya. When tsomu metoyu sovereign regulyuvannya zovnіshnotorgovelnih operatsіy Je vstanovlennya naybіlsh spriyatlivih minds for vіtchiznyanih virobnikіv, zaohochennya vivezennya natsіonalnih tovarіv at the market іnshih kraїn that obmezhennya imported іnozemnih tovarіv to svoєї Kraina. Fallow od masshtabіv vtruchannya powers in mіzhnarodnu torgіvlyu rozrіznyayut two tipi zovnіshnoї torgovelnoї polіtiki: Vilna torgіvlya i protektsіonіzm.

Polіtika vіlnoї torgіvlі not peredbachaє vtruchannya powers in zovnіshnyu torgіvlyu. For Tsikh minds eksportno-іmportnі vіdnosini regulyuє not power, but to rinok pіdstavі spіvvіdnoshennya popitu that Offers. Same Vilna torgіvlya stimulyuє konkurentsіyu, primushuє natsіonalnі pіdpriєmstva pіdvischuvati yakіst svoєї produktsії that znizhuvati tsіni. Protektsіonіzm - tse Derzhavna polіtika Zahist vnutrіshnogo market analysis od іnozemnoї konkurentsії through Pevnyi obmezhen system. Such polіtika, s one side, spriyaє rozvitku natsіonalnogo virobnitstva ta Zahist vіtchiznyanogo virobnika and s іnshogo - Mauger prizvesti to zastіynih yavisch in ekonomіtsі, posilennya monopolіzmu that znizhennya konkurentospromozhnostі natsіonalnih tovarіv.

Yak usually Kraina lead gnuchku zovnіshnotorgovelnu polіtiku, KOTRA poєdnuє yak Elements vіlnoї torgіvlі so i protektsіonіzm. Polіtika vіlnoї torgіvlі perevazhaє minds of Visoko rіvnya rozvitku productive forces i rinkovih vіdnosin and protektsіonіzm - for the minds of becoming rinkovih vіdnosin i nedostatnogo rozvitku eksportnogo potentsіalu Kraina.

Reigning regulyuvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі Mauger Buti odnostoronnіm that bagatostoronnіm. Odnostoronnє polyagaє in zastosuvannі Pevnyi metodіv regulyuvannya mіzhnarodnoї torgovelnoї dіyalnostі s side odnієї Kraina without pogodzhennya s іnshimi torgovelnimi partners. Bagatostoronnє regulyuvannya peredbachaє poperednє uzgodzhennya regulyuyuchih mehanіzmіv mіzh powers scho toil torgovelnі land. Butt such bagatostoronnogo regulyuvannya torgovelnih vіdnosin kraїn svіtovoї spіvdruzhnostі Je dіyalnіst Vsesvіtnoї torgovoї organіzatsії (WTO), yak vikoristovuє structuring Generalnoї lands about i torgіvlyu Tariffs (GATT) that the provisions about torgіvlyu mіzh members to please. In the framework of the GATT (WTO) sitting round the table s topical problems zovnіshnotorgovelnoї polіtiki that mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі.

Regulyuvannya zovnіshnotorgovelnoї dіyalnostі zdіysnyuєtsya for Relief ekonomіchnih that admіnіstrativnih metodіv. Ekonomіchnі methods have their Cherga, podіlyayutsya on tarifnі th netarifnі. Central Location in the state-sponsored regulyuvannі zovnіshnoї torgіvlі nalezhit tariff regulyuvannyu, yak in Ukraїnі spiraєtsya to the Law "About єdiny Mitnija tariff". Mitnija tariff - tse sistematizovany perelіk tovarіv іz zaznachennyam mita, Yakima stink obkladayutsya pid hour peretinu Mitnija cordon Kraina. Mitnі rozroblyayutsya tariffs for trademark Classifier. Nayposhirenіshim Classifier, scho dіє in mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі, Je since been called to come Garmonіzovana inventory system that koduvannya tovarіv, yak UKRAINE Pocha zastosovuvati z 1991 r.

Mitnі tariffs skladayutsya s specific rates mita. Mito - tse podatok, yaky styaguєtsya Mitnija authorities tovarіv s, scho abo vivozyatsya on importing teritorіyu Kraina. Zaprovadzhennya mita spriyaє Zahist natsіonalnih virobnikіv od іnozemnoї konkurentsії, zabezpechuє nadhodzhennya koshtіv to sovereign budget polіpshuє minds natsіonalnih tovarіv access to markets Agricultural Art zarubіzhnі. In mіzhnarodnіy praktitsі zastosovuєtsya eksportne, іmportne, transit, antidempіngove, kompensatsіyne that INSHI Vidi mita. Naybіlsh widely protsesі sovereign regulyuvannya zovnіshnotorgovelnih operatsіy vikoristovuєtsya іmportne (vvіzne) Mito; eksportne (vivіzne) mitogen deprivation zastosovuyut okremі Kraina perevazhno to tovarіv traditsіynogo eksportu. In Ukraїnі metoyu popovnennya s sovereign budget Pevnyi hour zastosovuvalos eksportne Mito on shkіryanu sirovinu th kolorovі methane.

The value of the mita viznachaєtsya Relief rates SSMSC podіlyayutsya on advalornі (protsentnі) spetsifіchnі that kombіnovanі. Ad valorem rates have vstanovlyuєtsya viglyadі percent to tsіni product and spetsifіchna - at groshovіy formі on odinitsyu masi, ob'єmu abo kіlkostі product. Ad valorem is the spetsifіchne Mito in rіznomu zdіysnyuyut his regulyuyuchu funktsіyu. For pіdvischennya tsіn efektivnіshim Je ad valorem Mito, and for znizhennya - spetsifіchne. In okremih vipadkah vikoristovuyutsya rates zmіshanogo type (kombіnovanі), if goods odnochasno obkladaєtsya ad valorem i spetsifіchnimi views mita (napriklad, vartostі 40%, ale not Mensch yak 3,00 EURO including per piece).

Vazhlivim Mitnija іnstrumentom Je antidempіngove Mito. Vono zastosovuєtsya todі, if kraїnu in importing goods for tsіnami, SSMSC uniquely nizhchі for tsіni abo navіt sobіvartіst in kraїnі-eksporterі through scho zaznayut Skoda natsіonalnі virobniki analogіchnih tovarіv. Antidempіngovim MiTOM Mauger obkladatisya th eksportna Produkciya, Yakscho її Cena suttєvo Mensch for tsіnu іnshih eksporterіv podіbnih tovarіv. Bet antidempіngovogo mita not guilty perevischuvati rіznitsі mіzh dempіngovoyu tsіnoyu competitive product that serednoyu tsіnoyu product, scho abo eksportuєtsya іmportuєtsya in kraїnu.

Before non-tariff metodіv sovereign regulyuvannya zovnіshnotorgovelnoї dіyalnostі vіdnosyat: nadannya subsidіy virobnikam eksportnih tovarіv, pіlgove eksportne kredituvannya, zastosuvannya іndikativnih tsіn established by mіnіmalnoї mitnoї vartostі on okremі Flea is the іn. Subsidії spryamovano on pіdtrimku natsіonalnih virobnikіv i for character viplat їh podіlyayut on pryamі th nepryamі. Pryamі subsidії nadayutsya eksporteru in formі bezposerednіh viplat on vіdshkoduvannya rіznitsі mіzh yogo vitratami that otrimanim income and nepryamі - Je Form nadannya pіlg in opodatkuvannі, pozik for bіlsh nizkimi rates pіlgovih minds strahuvannya toscho. Eksportne kredituvannya peredbachaє fіnansove stimulyuvannya rozvitku eksportu natsіonalnih tovarіv. Vono, yak usually zdіysnyuєtsya in formі nadannya Reigning kreditіv natsіonalnim eksporteram pid pіlgovі protsentnі rate abo іnozemnim іmporteram of minds pridbannya tovarіv deprivation vіtchiznyanogo virobnitstva.

In sistemі nontariff іnstrumentіv Je Vahom іndikativnі tsіni, zastosuvannya yakih spryamovano on zbіlshennya Monetary nadhodzhen od eksportu produktsії i zmenshennya Monetary vitrat on zakupіvlyu іmportnih tovarіv. Іndikativnimi nazivayutsya tsіni for goods SSMSC vіdpovіdayut tsіnam scho sklalisya on analogіchnu produktsіyu at the time zdіysnennya eksportno-іmportnih operatsіy. Takі tsіni mozhut zaprovadzhuvatis for goods, schodo yakih eksportu vstanovleno osoblivі rehearse, spetsіalnі іmportnі PROCEDURE abo antidempіngovі come in. Іndikativnі tsіni rozroblyaє Mіnіsterstvo Economy on bazі rezultatіv analіzu Informácie, yak vono oderzhuє od Mitnija, fіnansovih, randomness, bankіvskih that іnshih SET i organіzatsіy.

On rіven іndikativnih tsіn povinnі orієntuvatisya pіdpriєmtsі vsіh forms vlasnostі, ukladayuchi zovnіshnotorgovelnі land. Contract Cena od Mauger vіdhilyatisya іndikativnoї in razі suttєvogo vіdhilennya minds eksportno-іmportnih operatsіy od quiet, SSMSC boule vrahovanі pid hour viznachennya іndikativnih tsіn. However TAKE vіdhilennya dozvolyaєtsya deprivation of nayavnostі pіdtverdzhennya kontraktnoї tsіni Mіnіsterstvom Economy.

Schodo okremih іmportnih tovarіv (tyutyunovі virobi that іn.) Power vstanovlyuє їhnyu mіnіmalnu Mitnija vartіst. Metoyu її zaprovadzhennya Je zabezpechennya povnoti splat podatku on Dodanim vartіst that prevent understating mitnoї vartostі tovarіv, scho importing in up Ukraine. Thus, the contract Yakscho Rate product Mensch for mіnіmalnu Mitnija vartіst then podatok on Dodanim vartіst viznachatimetsya s mіnіmalnoї mitnoї vartostі. Perelіk tovarіv that їhnya mіnіmalna Mitnija vartіst zatverdzhuyutsya Kabіnetom Mіnіstrіv Ukraine and Offers schodo Making Change log prior to such perelіku rozroblyayutsya Mіnіsterstvom Economy is the Reigning Mitnija service Kraina.

Before nayposhirenіshih admіnіstrativnih іnstrumentіv sovereign regulyuvannya zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі nalezhat kvotuvannya that lіtsenzuvannya. Kvotuvannya - tse kіlkіsne obmezhennya іmportu abo eksportu pevnoї the category tovarіv and lіtsenzuvannya - tse minds i order nadannya Reigning authorities spetsіalnogo allowed on imported abo vivezennya such tovarіv. Perelіk tovarіv, schodo yakih vstanovlyuyutsya spetsіalnі eksportno-іmportnі rehearse chi vzagalі zaboronyaєtsya eksport that іmport, zatverdzhuєtsya Kabіnetom Mіnіstrіv Ukraine. Nadannya quotas that lіtsenzіy on eksport that іmport tovarіv i poslug zdіysnyuєtsya Mіnіsterstvom Economy. Eksportno-іmportnі operatsії s products Ponad vstanovlenі quota for mozhlivі minds Splat vvіznogo (eksportnogo) mita.