home Other disciplines books Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki that valyutnі operatsії - Savluk M.І.

Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki that valyutnі operatsії - Savluk M.І.

6. Rozdіl KREDITUVANNYA UCHASNIKІV MІZHNARODNIH ROZRAHUNKІV

Pіslya vivchennya tsogo rozdіlu vie zmozhete:

• oznayomitisya s basic methods kredituvannya mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі;
• zrozumіti vzaєmozv'yazok mіzh minds payment that neobhіdnіstyu kredituvannya sub'єktіv zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі;
• dati characteristics of the main metodіv kredituvannya eksporterіv that іmporterіv;
• zasvoїti rіznі FORMS kredituvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі osnovі on the bill;
• poyasniti funktsії letter of credit method kredituvannya yak;
• zrozumіti perevagi forfetuvannya for eksporterіv;
• vidіliti perevagi lіzingovih operatsіy.

6.1. The role of credit in zabezpechennі zovnіshnoї torgіvlі, yogo Vidi phone reception that s minds payment

Kredituvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі - vazhlivy yelement ekonomіchnogo rozvitku Kraina, oskіlki loan of order s yakіstyu product that yogo tsіnoyu - vazhlivy zasіb konkurentnoї Borotba svіtovomu on market analysis. Credit polegshuє mozhlivіst zbutu product for eksportera that pridbannya for іmportera.

Lenders zovnіshnotorgovelnih sake of shaping can Buti, banks, power, eksporteri, іmporteri, credit fіnansovі organіzatsії (Fig. 6.1). However zdebіlshogo kredituvannya zovnіshnoї torgіvlі zdіysnyuєtsya banks. Tse Mauger Buti directly abo oposeredkovane kredituvannya.

Fіrmovі loans. Fіrmovim nazivaєtsya credit loan, yaky nadaєtsya pіdpriєmstvom (fіrmoyu) odnієї Kraina pіdpriєm- stvu (fіrmі) іnshoї Kraina. Je three rіznovidi fіrmovogo loan (Fig. 6.2).

Bankіvskі loans. Bankіvskі loans nadayutsya banks chi іnshimi Credit install. For mіnіmіzatsії rizikіv that mobіlіzatsії koshtіv nadayut banks loans for osnovі stvorennya konsortsіumіv. Bankіvsky zovnіshnotorgovelny credit podіlyayut two Vidi: fіnansovy that eksportny.

Fig. 6.1. Klasifіkatsіya kreditіv for creditors

Fig. 6.2. Widi fіrmovih kreditіv

Fіnansovy credit zabezpechuє mozhlivіst zdіysnyuvati torgіvlyu on whether Money Does Rinku, i tse daє shirokі mozhlivostі for Vibor torgovelnih partnerіv. Tsey kind of loan is not Mauger Buti zavzhdi pov'yazany s delivery. Tsentralnі banks often yogo vikoristovuyut for currency іnterventsіy that repayment zovnіshnoї zaborgovanostі.

Sutnіst eksportnogo loan polyagaє in fact, scho Mauger vіn vikoristovuvatisya deprivation for zakupіvlі product in kraїnі lender. Taqiy nadaєtsya bank loan bank eksportera іmportera chi bezposeredno іmporteru. Tom nadannya eksportnogo loan odnochasno spriyaє rozshirennyu eksportu tovarіv in kraїnu borzhnika.

Brokerskі loans - promіzhna form mіzh fіrmovimi loans that bankіvskimi. CLIENTS pozichayut in Costa bankіv, vistupayuchi at tsomu in rolі poserednikіv. In deyakih vipadkah CLIENTS nadayut garantії for loans that eksporteram іmporteram.

Uryadovі loans nadayutsya Uryadov odnієї Kraina Uryadov іnshoї Kraina for rakhunok sovereign budget. Pong perevazhno toil dovgostrokovy character (10-15 rokіv). Takі loans, yak usually nadayutsya dvostoronnomu in order.

Loans mіzhnarodnih organіzatsіy, Sereda yakih provіdne Location zaymayut IMF, IBRD, spriyayut zbalansovanomu zrostannyu mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі that podolannyu Monetary trudnoschіv kraїn-uchasnits, pov'yazanih s defіtsitom їh platіzhnogo balance. The IMF is the IBRD nadayut not deprivation stabіlіzatsіynі loans and second strukturnі (on zdіysnennya program, spryamovanih on strukturnі reforms in ekonomіtsі Kraina).

Zmіshanі loans - tse spіlne kredituvannya great proektіv kіlkoma Credit Set - mіzhnarodnimi yak, so i natsіonalnimi. The fate of such projects mozhut brati derzhavnі that privatnі install.

Kredituvannya eksportno-іmportnih operatsіy zumovlene Especially virobnitstva, realіzatsії tovarіv that neobhіdnіstyu od nochasnih great kapіtalovkladen. Fallow od specific brain torgovelnoї lands vikoristovuyut rіznі i Metodi kredituvannya eksportno-іmportnih operatsіy (Fig. 6.3).

Pіdpriєmstvo, yak bere fate in zovnіshnіy torgіvlі at viznachennі minds zovnіshnotorgovelnoї lands Got vikoristovuvati organіzatsіynі FORMS kredituvannya eksportno-іmportnih operatsіy, i nasampered pid hour viznachennya rozrahunkіv minds. In zovnіshnotorgovelnomu kontraktі minds rozrahunkіv povinnі peredbachati on yakіy stadії Ruhu tovarіv zdіysnyuvatisya bude i yogo payment in yaky sposіb. Mozhlive making payments one-off chi Chastain, s abo negaynoyu payment from the loan.

For termіnom koristuvannya loans podіlyayutsya on korotkostrokovі - od troh months at up to a rock; serednostrokovі - od one to p'yati rokіv that dovgostrokovі - Ponad p'yat rokіv * 1.

* 1: {Y deyakih kraїnah termіn serednostrokovih kreditіv becoming od one to seven rokіv and termіn dovgostrokovih - Ponad 7 rokіv.}

Sche odnієyu klasifіkatsіynoyu Find our kreditіv Mauger Buti stadіya virobnitstva (turnover) of goods, Cauterets kredituvatimetsya:

• vigotovlennya product for eksportu;
• skladuvannya product in kraїnі eksportera;
• transportuvannya product;
• zberіgannya on skladі in kraїnі іmportera;
• realіzatsіya product;
• vikoristannya product in protsesі virobnitstva that yogo amortizatsії.

Fig. 6.3. Method kredituvannya mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі

Kredituvannya zovnіshnotorgovelnih land, yak already zaznachalosya, Yea one іz bunt chinnikіv konkurentsії. Mozhlivіst kredituvannya duzhe often staє virіshalnim chinnikom at nadannі of order. Interests eksportera that іmportera protilezhnі. Yakscho іmporter namagaєtsya otrimati yakomoga bіlshu vіdstrochku garantіyu payment is the delivery of goods, the eksporter bazhaє yaknayshvidshoї payment. In zv'yazku s CIM neobhіdnoyu warehouses contract Je domovlenіst vzaєmovigіdnі minds about payment. Viznachennya minds payment Je vazhlivim s Look at kredituvannі require zovnіshnotorgovelnoї lands and vіdobrazhennya іnteresіv in kontraktі eksportera chi іmportera deposits od mіtsnostі їhnіh pozitsіy on market analysis.

Before platіzhnih minds SSMSC Je viznachalnimi at kredituvannі іmportu, vіdnosyat:

• Advance platіzh;
• platіzh osnovі on letter of credit (s pay when pred'yavlennі);
• іnkaso (documents against payment);
• platіzh pіslya otrimannya product (s vіdstrochkoyu poserednitstvі with payment).

Kredituvannya eksportu Je neobhіdnim, Yakscho vikoristanі takі minds payment:

• platіzh osnovі on letter of credit (letter of credit vіdstrochkoyu s);
• іnkaso (documents against acceptance);
• vіdstrochka payment.

So rank, viznachenі in kontraktі minds payment tіsno vzaєmozv'yazanі s methods kredituvannya, oskіlki sama s їh urahuvannyam i viznachayutsya neobhіdnіst that mozhlivіst kredituvannya.