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International Management - Rodchenko VV

1.2. Transportation services International Relations

In the process of international economic relations transport provides movement of goods (goods) and passengers between two or more countries, ie in international reports. The essential feature of transport due to its place in the international exchange of goods. Transport in the international division of labor, on the one hand, is a prerequisite for its implementation, on the other - the export of its products, which is realized in the form of transportation services.

Depending on the specific types of transport, used in transport, distinguished road, rail, air, sea, river, pipeline posts. In turn, they are divided into international cargo and passenger communication.

In carrying out foreign trade activities in the transport of products (services) is influenced by all the factors of the market economy: the ratio of supply and demand for transport, fluctuations in the prices for vehicles and fuel, the state of political and economic relations in different countries, and others.

In the transport process, all participants (manufacturers of products, customers, consumers, carriers, intermediaries) shall enter into complex economic and commercial law relations, which are governed by various regulations, norms of international law, national legislation and customs. For example, direct international carriage governed by the following international conventions:

1) the Warsaw Convention (1955 air);

2) Convention on the international transport by road (1956);

3) The Hague-Visby Rules (1978, maritime transport);

4) United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (1980).

International agreements in the field of transport include the following questions:

• general principles of the activities of the various modes of transport;

• organization of international communications;

• commercial conditions for the transport of goods and passengers;

• tariffs, freight rates for transportation;

• improving transport links between the two countries;

• legal issues of protection of property interests of owners of goods in international transport;

• pollution prevention. Transport support of foreign economic activity

It is a system consisting of a set of technical and technological elements, economic, commercial, legal and institutional actions of various transport operations management in production, delivery and consumption of products, goods transferred between the parties.

In 1944, the Second European Conference of Ministers of Transport, held in Crete, established nine transportation corridors - the priorities of freight, passenger and transit:

1) Helsinki - Tallinn - Riga - Kaunas - Warsaw with branch Riga - Kaliningrad - Gdansk;

2) Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow;

3) Berlin - Wroclaw - Katowice - Lviv - Kyiv with branch Dresden - Wroclaw;

4) Dresden - Prague - Bratislava - Budapest - Sofia - Istanbul with branches Nuremberg - Prague, Vienna - Gyor Arat - Bucharest - Constanta, Sofia - Thessaloniki;

5) Trieste - Ljubljana - Budapest - Uzhgorod - Lvov with branches Bratislava - Žilina - Košice - Uzhgorod, Rijeka - Postojna;

6) Gdansk - Katowice - Žilina with a branch Torun - Poznan;

7) the Danube river;

8) Durres - Tirana - Skopje - Bourgas;

9) Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow;

9a) Kiev - Minsk - Vilnius - Kaliningrad - Klaipeda; 9b) Lyubashevka - Odessa.

According to preliminary calculations, the transport corridors require investments of more than 50 billion crowns over the next 10-15 years. Provided the ordered section the total costs and benefits among the participants of the corridor on the improvement and modernization of the existing Central and Eastern Europe the transport infrastructure in proportion to the expected level of traffic.

On the territory of Ukraine are three corridors, so the Ukrainian government has already conducted negotiations with the EBRD and the World Bank on the allocation of loans for these purposes. In addition, in late 1996-sea ferry line Ilyichevsk was opened - Poti, which initiated the development of Eurasian transport corridor (Ukraine - Georgia - Azerbaijan). It is also the development of pan-European transport corridor number 3 in the direction of Kiev - Dnepropetrovsk - Rostov-on-Don - Baku (road), and then to Georgia, Iran (at the suggestion of Azerbaijan). There are a number of other European and Euro-Asian projects. This will allow Ukraine to take advantage of its geographical location for the development of international transport.

World trade generates significant flows of the mass of commodities between countries, regions and continents. The total volume of world trade freight traffic only for intercontinental communication is about 4 billion tons.

The most universal and effective means of delivering large numbers of cargo over long distances is a maritime transport, which transports more than 60% of international trade.

The share of rail transport in the world's foreign trade is about a quarter of the total. European countries are guided by the Convention on International Carriage by Rail (COTIF), which are 33 participating countries (most of Europe, as well as several countries in Asia and North America). COTIF contains conditions for the transport of goods.

Air transport is ideal when speed is crucial and the need to deliver great value small products. In order to solve business issues, softening of competition and expansion of cooperation of airlines on international routes in 1945 was established specialized non-governmental organization - the International Air Transport Association (IATA). It coordinates the interaction airlines regulates commercial agreements between them, improves the system for setting tariffs in the global air transport market.

A growing proportion of freight transport in international traffic. This type of transport is very flexible with regard to the routes and motion graphics. Trucks may transport goods "door to door", freeing it from having to send unnecessary traffic.