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Organization of production - Kurochkin A.S.

Types of production structures

Depending on the form of specialization of the main shops, there are three types of production structure: technological, subject and mixed.

With the technological structure, the shops of the enterprise specialize in the performance of a certain part of the technological process, that is, they are created according to the principle of technological homogeneity. So, the shops of technological specialization include:

• at the machine-building plant - casting, forging, mechanical, thermal, etc .;

• at the textile enterprise - spinning, weaving, finishing, etc.

This structure has certain advantages:

• provides more complete loading of equipment, since in a technologically specialized shop all parts having the required processing type are manufactured for all products of the production program of the enterprise;

• promotes more complete use of materials, since waste can be claimed in the manufacture of parts of smaller sizes;

• facilitates the management of the workshop, management of people due to the uniformity of technological processes;

• promotes the application of the most progressive technological processes, as the cost of implementation is easier to pay back than in shops organized on an objective basis. In the latter case, the use of high-performance processes and equipment is possible only at very high volumes of output.

To the merits of the technological structure is also the high qualification of workers, which guarantees the production of high quality products.

At the same time, the technological structure has significant disadvantages:

• Due to the large range of products, there is a great loss of time for readjustment of equipment;

• each shop or section performs certain operations and its team is not responsible for the quality of the product as a whole, as well as for compliance with the deadlines for the release of finished products;

• The arrangement of equipment on the same type of group (for example, groups of turning, milling, drilling and other machine tools) leads to inefficient movements of parts, countertransportations, increasing the cycle time;

• Inter-shop operative-scheduling and dispatching of production are complicated.

Technological form of workshops specialization and technological production structure are typical for single and small-scale production enterprises producing products of diverse and unstable product range.

With the object structure, the workshops of the enterprise specialize in the manufacture of a product, a group of homogeneous products, units, parts using a variety of technological processes and operations. In the workshops of subject specialization, if possible, a closed production cycle is carried out, so they are often called subject-closed production. These are the workshops of gears in the machine-tool factory, the engine shops, gearboxes, frames, rear axles - at the car factory, workshops of men's shoes, women's model shoes, etc. - at the shoe factory.

Advantages of the shop or plot with the object structure are as follows:

• Each workshop is fully responsible for the release of the products assigned to it on time and of a certain quality;

• equipment is located in the course of the technological process, which creates the prerequisites for the organization of in-line production, contributes to reducing the duration of the production cycle;

• Inter-shop scheduling and dispatching are simplified.

However, this structure also has disadvantages:

• Each workshop must have a complete set of equipment for manufacturing products, which leads to an increase in the total number of equipment in the enterprise;

• some equipment is underloaded because of the small volume of this type of work in the shop;

• working conditions may worsen, as in a single interconnected system of workshop machines there are sometimes close high-performance equipment, a chamber for painting parts, a furnace for heat treatment, etc .;

• the in-house management becomes more complicated, as well as the management of people.

The subject form of specialization workshops and subject production structure are typical for large-scale and mass production enterprises that produce a limited range of products in large quantities.

The overwhelming majority of machine-building enterprises use a mixed structure, according to which the procurement sites and workshops are built according to the technological principle (forging and pressing, cast iron and steel), and processing and manufacturing combine into subject-closed groups. Such a structure is especially characteristic for machine-building enterprises with a mass and serial type of production. The metallurgical plant or plant has, as a rule, a technological structure. Here, blast-furnace, steelmaking, rolling manufactories or shops are created. The same technological structure prevails in textile factories, where all stages of fabric manufacture are performed: spinning, weaving, finishing.

Indicators characterizing the structure of the enterprise

For the quantitative analysis of the structure of an industrial enterprise as a production system, a large number of indicators characterizing its various sides are used. Let's consider their main groups.

The production units are characterized by the following main indicators:

• the volume of output;

• Funded labor, which is determined by the ratio of the average annual cost of industrial production assets to the average number of industrial and production personnel;

• the electrified labor, which is characterized by the amount of energy consumed per worker (month, year);

• the technical armament of labor, which is determined by the ratio of the average annual book value of the main production equipment, tools, devices, equipment to the average annual number of workers;

• production complexity, which is defined as the sum of the technological labor intensity and labor-consuming maintenance of production and includes the labor costs of all the main and auxiliary workers.

Relations between the main, auxiliary and servicing units are characterized by the following main indicators: the average number of workers, the cost of fixed production assets, the size of production areas.

The level of specialization and co-production is characterized by the following main indicators:

• shares of specialized production, which is determined by the ratio of the volume of output (in value or in kind), manufactured by specialized shops and sectors, to the total volume of production;

• the coefficient of sustainability of specialization, which characterizes the level of organization of production and the degree of compliance with the specialization established for workplaces during working hours;

• the level of specialization of workplaces, which, in turn, is characterized by several indicators:

- number of names of different operations performed at one workplace (serial factor);

- the average level of specialization of workplaces, which is determined by dividing the total number of detailed operations performed per month (day) on the site (in the workshop), the number of workplaces necessary for the performance of the production program;

The efficiency of the spatial location of the enterprise is characterized by the coefficients of development, the use of the area of ​​production premises or territory. This coefficient is determined by the ratio of the area occupied by buildings, structures and equipment, to the area of ​​the entire site of the enterprise. (In domestic practice, the utilization rate of the territory of industrial enterprises built during the last 20-30 years is 0.45-0.55, in the practice of American engineering enterprises it reaches 0.8-0.9, and sometimes 0.95.)

The nature of the interdependence of units is determined by the following indicators:

• the number of redistribution, through which the subject of labor passes before turning it into a finished product;

• the length of transport routes for the movement of semi-finished products;

• freight turnover between redistribution.

Analysis of the examined and other indicators allows us to outline the ways of creating a rational production structure of the enterprise, which should ensure:

• maximum possibility of specialization of shops and sections, proportionality of their construction;

• the absence of duplicate and overly fragmented production units;

• continuity and directness of production;

• the possibility of expanding and re-profiling production without stopping it.