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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

1.3. Osnovnі kontseptsії kulturologії

Znayomlyachis іz mainly kontseptsіyami kulturologії, mi mother povinnі on uvazі, scho to pershoї half of the XIX century. cultural phenomenon rozglyadavsya deprivation in ambushes її ratsіonalnogo osmislennya. In drugіy polovinі XIX century. Yogo analіz zdіysnyuvavsya within NAUKOVO-conceptual napryamіv culture, SSMSC became the fundamental basis kulturologії. Іz zrostannyam duhovnoї Creasy lyudskogo suspіlstva, nezvazhayuchi on vidimі uspіhi suchasnoї tsivіlіzatsії, mіzh natural seredovischem that Lyudin Postal kolosalnoe technogenic perepona scho prizvela to disgarmonії svіdomostі that lyudskogo spirit. Good tsivіlіzatsії th require spiritual rozvitku suchasnoї Helsinki Human perebuvayut in postіynіy konfrontatsії. Ninі kulturoznavstvo already vіdmovilosya od ratsіonalnih tsіnnostey єvropeyskoї culture. Znevіrivshis in speculative fіlosofskih kompozitsіyah, vono was on the Way broad kulturologіchnih uzagalnen pozaєvropeyskoї specifics th viyavlennya problem field samoznachuschih i samobutnіh cultures.

In perіod od Renaissance to Prosvіtnitstva sformuvalasya teorіya about mozhlivostі Helsinki Human, poklikanoї zmіnyuvati th udoskonalyuvati's World Relief for Vlasnyi Rozum. So viniklo svіtske uyavlennya about culture yak realіzatsіyu lyudskogo Rozum. Ale tse tverdzhennya mіstilo in sobі protirіchchya, oskіlki nіchogo not talking about the progression of the rozvitku lyudskogo Rozum.

Fіlosofіya Hegel yak teorіya culture. Georg Vіlgelm Frіdrіh Hegel (1770-1831) - the great fіlosof, predstavnik klasychnoji nіmetskoї fіlosofії, putting the power leaning about the culture spіvvіdnoshennya th lyudskogo Rozum. In fіlosofskіy sistemі Hegel culture prodovzhuvala vistupati yak realіzatsіya Rozum, ale not lyudskogo and vsesvіtnogo. Vіn vvazhav scho rozvitok svіtovoї culture viyavlyaє Taku tsіlіsnіst i logіku, scho not Mauger vivoditisya Zi skladovoї іndivіdualnih zusil people. Not іgnoruyuchi rozmaїttya cultural forms i yakіsnoї rіznitsі natsіonalnih cultures Hegel vvazhav їh deprivation stage at samorozvitku Vsesvіtnogo Spirit.

Fіlosofіya culture Spengler. Viznachny nіmetsky fіlosof, іstorik Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) rozvinuv teachings about culture yak bezlіch zamknenih "organіzmіv" (єgipetskogo, kitayskogo, іndіyskogo i t. Іn.), Scho virazhali "Collective soul of the people", yak pass Pevnyi cycle Zhittya, yaky trivaє uprodovzh tisyacholіt. In yogo look, organіchna Culture umirayuchi, pererodzhuєtsya its suprotilezhnіst - tsivіlіzatsіyu, panuyuchim principle yakoї Yea i ratsіonalіzm goly practicality. Spengler becoming viraznikom bolovih problems єvropeyskoї culture. Not zvazhayuchi to those scho vіn without explaining processes zarodzhennya novih cultures vіn leaning supply nutrition, SSMSC steel vіdpravnoyu point seryoznogo Suchasnyj doslіdzhennya about Lyudin, culture tsivіlіzatsіyu minutes.

Lyudin, tvorchіst that culture in fіlosofії Berdyaєva. Viznachny rosіysky relіgіyny fіlosof Mikola Oleksandrovych Berdyaєv (1874-1948) CCB Perche viraznikom spiritual drama perelomnoї Epoch, if starі kulturnі mold steel for tіsnimi away rozvitku lyudstva, yak pereyshlo to stvorennya novih i zasobіv utіlennya forms. Vіn vvazhav scho Person of the yak vіlny Creator, stoїt vische culture, to yogo tvorchіst obmezhuyut stalі kulturnі form. Saying, about іstorichnu share Russie, Berdyaєv pokladav of Hope on the "miracle relіgіynogo peretvorennya Zhittya" yak alternative skovuyuchomu simvolіzmu culture mehanіchno-th order tsivіlіzatsії soulless.

Culture i nesvіdome beginning at kontseptsії Freud. Avstrіysky mislitel, lіkar-psihіatr i Zіgmund neurologist Freud (1856-1939), proanalіzuvavshi vіdomі kontseptsії culture, virіshiv zoserediti svoї doslіdzhennya on samіy lyudinі. Vіn target basis in the direction that psihologії meditsinі, yak calling psihoanalіzom, principles yogo rozpovsyudiv on the Branch rіznі lyudskoї Culture - mіfologіyu, folklore, hudozhnyu tvorchіst, relіgіyu іn th t.. Vіdkrivshi in lyudinі nesvіdome beginning of natural pohodzhennya, yak napravlyayut seksualnі Bazhannya that Bazhannya smertі Freud viyaviv rushіynu force її CREATIVE potentsіalu - sublіmatsіyu, tobto vikoristannya sexually bіologіchnoї energії not for direct priznachennyam. Same Won on yogo look, i Je rushіynoyu power potyagu to Helsinki Human knowledge is the temple Mistetstvo іdealu.

Culture Collective nesvіdome th at kontseptsії Jung. I fіlosof Shveytsarsky psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), yak i Freud, pochinav pratsyuvati lіkarem-psihіatrom. However vіn not zupinivsya on sexually bіologіchnomu traktuvannі nesvіdomogo and vіdnayshov scho tipovі way, SSMSC z'yavlyalisya yogo patsієntam in snovidіnnyah, zbіgayutsya іz symbols svіtovoї culture, SSMSC about the stench could not know. Tse Yung yavische poyasnyuvav yak natural force th viznachiv yak yogo Collective nesvіdome and Yogo pervinnі forms - Collective archetypes nesvіdomogo. So, vihodilo, scho Got Collective nesvіdome cultural pohodzhennya, ale peredaєtsya in spadschinu bіologіchno. Otzhe, lyudinі for zabezpechennya tsіlіsnostі svoєї dushі required not h nesvіdomim fight, but to lead them constructively s dіalog. The cause ruynatsії simvolіv Je ratsіonalіzm scho zіpsuvav zdatnіst Helsinki Human vіdpovіdati divine symbol that іdeyam i vіddav її "on milіst" psihіchnogo baked. "Demon" virivayutsya s-pid control oslabloї culture, to the XX century. staє vіkom nechuvanih psihіchnih epіdemіy, scho pid maskuyutsya іdeologіchnі zabarvlennya. Otzhe, єvropeyska Culture dwellers vіdroditi vtrachenu Yednist lyudskoї dushі, guilty dokorіnno zmіnitisya.

"Viklik Vіdpovіd that" yak rushіyna force in rozvitku culture at kontseptsії A. Toynbі. Anglіysky іstorik i sotsіolog Toynbі Arnold Joseph (1889-1975) bagato tvorіv prisvyativ detailed inventory rіznomanіtnih cultures i target zagalnu kontseptsіyu rozvitku culture. Yak i Spengler vіn vihodiv іz of scho at velikіy kіlkostі іsnuyuchih cultures mortgage Pevnyi іstinu but Cutaneous s them Toynbі rozglyadav not yak is closed at sobі organіzm and yak on the high road stupіn realіzatsії divine Person of Svoge priznachennya. Vvazhayuchi, scho Way lyudsky not viznachaєtsya deity vіn rozkriv Alternatives rozvitku culture. Rushіynoyu power of culture Toynbі vvazhav Borotba dvoh CREATIVE started zakladenih in lyudinі "divine" th "diyavolske". In yogo Dumka, rozvitok culture zdіysnyuєtsya Way "Vіdpovіdey" CREATIVE lyudskogo spirit to "Viklik", scho zakidaє Yomou nature and kіntsevy result rozvitku deposits od specific situatsіy, oskіlki one i the same "Viklik" Mauger Buti dekіlka varіantіv "Vіdpovіdey".

Tsіnnіst yak bunt principle of culture at kontseptsії P.Sorokіna. Viznachny rosіysky sotsіolog i culturologist Pitirim Oleksandrovych Sorokіn (1889-1968), rozvivayuchi kontseptsії Spengler th Toynbі, viznavav Progressive rozvitok suchasnoї zahіdnoї culture, ale, viznachayuchi її camp krizovoe yak, yak otsіnyuvav її no residual zanepad and yak neobhіdnu phase of becoming novoї tsivіlіzatsії, vreshtі scho-Rasht ob'єdnaє all lyudstvo. In yogo Dumka, culture Yea sukupnіstyu usogo stvorenogo abo viznanogo danim suspіlstvom on tіy chi іnshіy stadії rozvitku have protsesі yakogo suspіlstvo formuє rіznomanіtnі kulturnі system:.. Pіznavalnі, relіgіynі, etichnі, estetichnі, pravovі t іn scho formuyutsya in system vischih rangіv. Tsya tendentsіya Veda to stvorennya cultural super-systems, cutaneous s yakih Got Vlasnyi mentalnіst, fіlosofіyu th svіtorozumіnnya and ob'єdnuyuchim factor Tsikh systems Je tsіnnіst. Same for tsіnnіst P.Sorokіnim i skladaє foundation kozhnoї culture.

Culture yak sukupnіst sign systems: structuralism K.Levі-Strauss, Michel Foucault that іn. Pomіtne Location in suchasnіy kulturі posіdaє structuralism. Tse - Suchasnyj eg rozvitku gumanіtarnogo knowledge pov'yazany s vikoristannyam structural method modelyuvannya, elementіv semіotiki, formalіzatsії of Mathematics at lіngvіstitsі, lіteraturoznavstvі, etnografії, іstorії that іn. Ob'єktom doslіdzhennya strukturalіzmu Je culture yak sukupnіst sign systems (mova, science, Mistetstvo, mіfologіya, fashion, advertising). Basis of structural methods in polyagaє viyavlennі structuring yak vіdnosno stіykoї sukupnostі vіdnoshen; viznannya metodologіchnogo primate vіdnoshen Some of the elements of the system. Osnovnі іdeї strukturalіzmu boule rozroblenі robot frantsuzkih scientists, Sereda yakih vidіlyalisya etnograf i sotsіolog Claude Levі-Strauss (1908), fіlosof, іstorik culture th Science Mіshel Foucault (1926-1984), Jacques fіlosof Derrіda (1930), psihіatr Jacques Lacan (1901 -1981).

Kontseptsіya gris (Y.Heyzinga, H.Ortega-i-Gasset, E.Fіnk). Nayrozpovsyudzhenіshoyu ninі Sered kulturologіchnih kontseptsіy Je kontseptsіya іgrovoї culture. Nayyaskravіshy її predstavnik - gollandsky a cultural іstorik i fіlosof-іdealіst Johann Huizinga (1872-1945). Rozvitok culture for yogo teorієyu vіdbuvaєtsya in protsesі gris. Wuxia cultured tvorchіst - tse gra: poezіya, RM, hudozhnya tvorchіst, morality i usі mozhlivі forms of culture. Rіznі versії takoї kontseptsії toil Location in kontseptsіyah іnshih kulturologіv. The basis tsієї kontseptsії very hard tlumachennya Mistetstvo gris yak, tobto spontannoї, nezatsіkavlenoї dіyalnostі, yak itself sobі priєmna i not Got pevnoї methylation. Kulturotvorcha vlastivіst gris polyagaє in fact scho in svoїy dіyalnostі s peretvorennya navkolishnogo seredovischa Lyudin "prograє" Tsei processes have dіyalny vlasnіy uyavі. Yak vvazhav Huizinga, Elements gris prisutnі access in all areas of culture materіalnoї th viznachayut zmіst її form - tsіlі Epoch "ma jor" in Poshuk іdealu that shlyahіv yogo zdіysnennya not stvoryuyuchi printsipovo novih orієntirіv.

Analіz Suchasnyj cultural camp in aspektі teorії gris zdіysniv іspansky fіlosof Jose Ortega i Gasset (1883-1955). Pіddayuchi krititsі Suchasnyj "Masov culture" vіn protistavlyaє їy "live" culture scho Yea NKVD Nagybanya Helsinki Human. Konkretnі Elements takoї culture skladayut elіtarny layer of cultural processes, scho Mauger protistoyati "masovіy kulturі". Vazhlivim Elements lyudskogo Butt vvazhaє GRU nіmetsky fіlosof E.Fіnk, yaky її put on a par іz such ponyattyami, yak death, Prace, pragnennya to Vladi th lyubovі, scho not vlastivі tvarinnomu svіtovі, more fantazіya yak zasіb operuvannya uyavlennyami pritamanna lyudinі deprivation, yak in protsesі gris realіzuє svoї visokі duhovnі Nagybanya.