home Management lecture notes Upravlіnnya special projects (abstract lektsіy NUDPSU)

Upravlіnnya special projects (abstract lektsіy NUDPSU)

3.2. Sutnіst that tipi organіzatsіynih strukutr upravlіnnya

"Structure upravlіnnya organіzatsієyu" abo "organіzatsіyna structure upravlіnnya" (ASU) - odne s klyuchovih understand management, tіsno zv'yazane s tsіlyami, funktsіyami, upravlіnnya processes, robots menedzherіv i rozpodіlom mіzh povnovazhen them. In the framework of structuring tsієї protіkaє all upravlіnsky processes (ruh potokіv Informácie i upravlіnskih rіshen of acceptance), in Money Does Take fate manager vsіh rіvnіv, kategorіy i profesіynoї spetsіalіzatsії. Zvіdsi that uwagi, scho kerіvniki organіzatsіy pridіlyayut principles i methods pobudovi structures upravlіnnya, Vibor їh tipіv i vidіv, vivchennyu tendentsіy zmіni th otsіnkam vіdpovіdnostі organіzatsіy tasks.

Pid structures upravlіnnya rozumієtsya uporyadkovana sukupnіst vzaєmozalezhnih elementіv scho zabezpechuyut funktsіonuvannya i rozvitok organіzatsії yak єdinogo tsіlogo. ASU viznachaєtsya takozh yak form podіlu i kooperatsії upravlіnskoї dіyalnostі, in the framework yakoї zdіysnyuєtsya processes upravlіnnya on vіdpovіdnih funktsіyah, spryamovany on rіshennya assigned tasks i dosyagnennya namіchenih tsіley. W Tsikh pozitsіy structure upravlіnnya predstavlyaєtsya in viglyadі optimally rozpodіlu funktsіonalnih obov'yazkіv rights vіdpovіdalnostі i, i order forms vzaєmodії mіzh authorities upravlіnnya i pratsyuyuchimi in these people.

Klyuchovimi ponyattyami structures upravlіnnya Je Elements, zv'yazki (vіdnosini) rіvnі i povnovazhennya. Some of the elements OSU shaping can Buti yak okremі pratsіvniki (kerіvniki, fahіvtsі, sluzhbovtsі), so i abo service organi aparata upravlіnnya scho vikonuyut viznachenі funktsіonalnі obov'yazki. Je two napryamki spetsіalіzatsії elementіv ASU:

a) at zalezhnostі od warehouse structural pіdrozdіlіv organіzatsії viokremlyuyutsya Lanka structuring upravlіnnya scho zdіysnyuyut marketing virobnitstva management, Naukova-tehnіchny progressive toscho;

b) vihodyachi s character zagalnih funktsіy, vikonuvanih in protsesі upravlіnnya, formuyutsya bodies scho zaymayutsya planuvannyam, organіzatsієyu that control virobnitstva.

In strukturі upravlіnnya organіzatsієyu rozrіznyayutsya lіnіynі i funktsіonalnі zv'yazki. Lіnіynі zv'yazki - tse vіdnosini s drive of acceptance i realіzatsії upravlіnskih rіshen i Ruhu Informácie mіzh so the title of lіnіynimi kerіvnikami, tobto personages, scho tsіlkom vіdpovіdayut for dіyalnіst organіzatsії abo її structural pіdrozdіlіv. Funktsіonalnі zv'yazki spoluchayutsya s timey abo іnshimi funktsіyami management. Vіdpovіdno vikoristovuєtsya TAKE ponyattya, yak povnovazhennya: lіnіynogo staff headquarters staff i funktsіonalnі. Povnovazhennya lіnіynih kerіvnikіv nadayut right virіshuvati OAO All power rozvitku dovіrenih їm organіzatsіy i pіdrozdіlіv and takozh vіddavati rozporyadzhennya, obov'yazkovі for vikonannya іnshimi organіzatsії members (pіdrozdіlіv). Povnovazhennya headquarters staff obmezhuyutsya right planuvati, rekomenduvati, raditi abo dopomagati, ale not nakazuvati іnshim members organіzatsії vikonuvati їhnі rozporyadzhennya. Yakscho to abo іnshomu pratsіvnikovі upravlіnskogo aparata nadaєtsya right priymati rіshennya i Robit dії, SSMSC zvichayno vikonuyutsya lіnіynimi managers vіn oderzhuє so zvanі funktsіonalnі povnovazhennya.

To the structure of upravlіnnya pred'yavlyaєtsya bezlіch vimog, SSMSC vrahovuyutsya in principles formuvannya ASU, rozrobtsі yakih Bulo prisvyacheno Cheema robіt vіtchiznyanih avtorіv in the pre-reform perіod. Before bunt printsipіv nalezhat:

1. Organіzatsіyna structure upravlіnnya guilty nasampered vіdobrazhati tsіlі i zavdannya organіzatsії and otzhe, Buti pіdporyadkovanoyu virobnitstvu that yogo required.

2. Varto peredbachati optimally podіl pratsі mіzh authorities upravlіnnya th okremimi pratsіvnikami scho zabezpechuє CREATIVE character robots i navantazhennya more normal, and takozh nalezhnu spetsіalіzatsіyu.

3. Formuvannya structuring upravlіnnya slіd pov'yazuvati s viznachennyam povnovazhen i vіdpovіdalnostі skin pratsіvnika second body upravlіnnya іz establishing a system of vertical horizontal i zv'yazkіv mіzh them.

4. Mіzh funktsіyami obov'yazkami th, s one side, povnovazhennyami i i s vіdpovіdalnіstyu іnshogo, neobhіdno pіdtrimuvati vіdpovіdnіst, torn down yakoї lead to system dysfunction in upravlіnnya tsіlomu.

5. Organіzatsіyna structure upravlіnnya guilty Buti adequacy sotsіalno-cultural seredovischu organіzatsії (draft), won іsttno vplivaє on rіshennya schodo rіvnya tsentralіzatsії i detalіzatsії, rozpodіlu povnovazhen i vіdpovіdalnostі, steps samostіynostі i masshtabіv control kerіvnikіv i menedzherіv. Oznachaє Tse, scho sprobi kopіyuvati structuring upravlіnnya scho uspіshno funktsіonuyut in іnshih sotsіalno cultural minds, not garantuyut Bazhanov result.

Tipi structures upravlіnnya organіzatsіyami. In suchasnіy teorії management vidіlyayutsya two tipi upravlіnnya organіzatsіyami: bureaucratic i organіchny. Pong pobudovanі on printsipovo rіznih pіdhodah i toil spetsifіchnі RISS, scho dozvolyayut viyavlyati spherical їhnogo ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya i PERSPECTIVE rozvitku away.

Іstorichno Perche sformuvavsya bureaucratic type. Vіdpovіdnu kontseptsіyu pіdhodu to pobudovi organіzatsіynih structures rozrobiv on cob XX storіchchya nіmetsky sotsіolog Max Weber. Vіn zaproponuvav normative model ratsіonalnoї byurokratії, yak cardinal rank zmіnyuvala іsnuyuchi on the hour Sistemi komunіkatsії, zvіtnostі, pay pratsі, structure robіt, vіdnosin on virobnitstvі. In osnovі tsієї modelі - Presentation about pіdpriєmstva yak about "organіzovanі organіzatsії", scho pred'yavlyayut tverdі vimogi yak to the people, so i to structures in the framework of yakih stink dіyut. Klyuchovі kontseptualnі PROVISIONS normativnoї modelі ratsіonalnoї byurokratії takі:

1. chіtky podіl pratsі, vikoristannya on kozhnіy posadі kvalіfіkovanih fahіvtsіv;
2. upravlіnnya hierarchy at yakіy nizhchestoyaschy rіven pіdkoryaєtsya i kontrolyuєtsya vischіm rіvnem;
3. nayavnіst formal rules i rules scho zabezpechuyut odnorіdnіst vikonannya managers svoїh tasks i obov'yazkіv;
4. spirit formalnoї zneosoblenostі, harakternoї for vikonannya ofіtsіynimi personages svoїh obov'yazkіv;
5. Naiman on robot vіdpovіdno to kvalіfіkatsіynih vimog to danogї planted, rather than sub'єktivnimi otsіnkami.

Golovnі ponyattya bureaucratic type of structure upravlіnnya - ratsіonalnіst, vіdpovіdalnіst i ієrarhіchnіst.

Byurokratichnі structuring upravlіnnya showed their efektivnіst, Especially in the great organіzatsіyah have yakih neobhіdno zabezpechuvati zlagodzhenu chіtku robot kolektivіv great people scho pratsyuyut on єdinu Meta. Tsі structuring dozvolyayut mobіlіzuvati lyudsku energіyu kooperuvati i Praca people at realіzatsії folding proektіv have Masov i krupnoserіynomu virobnitstvі. However їm vlastivі nedolіki, Especially in pomіtnі kontekstі Suchasnyj minds i ekonomіchnogo rozvitku tasks. Obviously nasampered scho bureaucratic type of structure does not increase spriyaє potentsіalu people, skin s yakih vikoristovuє tіlki the Chastain svoїh zdіbnostey scho bezposeredno potrіbnі for vikonuvanoї robots. Clear takozh, scho power if i strategії tactics rozvitku organіzatsії virіshuyutsya deprivation on vischomu rіvnі and OAO All INSHI rіvnі zaynyatі vinyatkovo vikonannyam rіshen, gubitsya zagalny upravlіnsky іntelekt (yaky rozglyadaєtsya sogodnі yak nayvazhlivіshy factor efektivnosti upravlіnnya).

Sche one vada bureaucratic structures of the type - nemozhlivіst s їhnoyu Relief keruvati Process for Change, spryamovanih on udoskonalennya robots. Funktsіonalna spetsіalіzatsіya elementіv structure leads before scho їhnіy rozvitok harakterizuєtsya nerіvnomіrnіstyu i rіznoyu shvidkіstyu. In rezultatі vinikayut protirіchchya mіzh okremimi Chastain structure nepogodzhenіst in їhnіh dіyah i іnteresah scho spovіlnyuє progression in organіzatsії.

Other zgadany - organіchny - type structures upravlіnnya Got porіvnyano nedovgu іstorіyu i Winick yak antipode byurokratichnoї organіzatsії, yakoї model ceased zadovolnyati bagato of companies, SSMSC vіdchuli neobhіdnіst in bіlsh gnuchkih i adaptovanih structures. Novi pіdhіd vіdkidaє representations about efektivnіst organіzatsії yak about "organіzovanu" i pratsyuyuchu s chіtkіstyu Godin mehanіzmu; navproti, vvazhaєtsya, scho tsya model dozvolyaє provoditi radikalnі zmіni scho zabezpechuyut pristosovnіst organіzatsії to ob'єktivnih vimog realnoї dіysnostі. Doslіdniki tsієї problemi pіdkreslyuyut scho postupovo vimalovuєtsya Inshyj type organіzatsії have yakіy іmprovіzatsіya tsіnuєtsya vische, nіzh planuvannya; yak keruєtsya mozhlivostyami nabagato bіlshe, nіzh obmezhennyami, volіє znahoditi novі dії instead chіplyatisya for starі; yak bіlshe tsіnuє diskusії, nіzh zaspokoєnіst, i zaohochuє sumnіvi i protirіchchya instead vіru.

Rozglyanuty type of structure pripuskaє іstotnі zmіni vіdnosin useredinі organіzatsії - vіdpadaє neobhіdnіst in funktsіonalnomu podіlі pratsі, pіdvischuєtsya vіdpovіdalnіst skin pratsyuyuchogo by general uspіh.

LIVE perehіd to organіchnogo type of structure upravlіnnya vimagaє seryoznoї pіdgotovchoї robots. Nasampered kompanії vzhivayut zahodіv to rozshirennya uchastі pratsyuyuchih in rіshennі problems organіzatsії (Shlyakhov navchannya, pіdvischennya rіvnya informovanosti, zatsіkavlenostі toscho) lіkvіduyut funktsіonalnu vіdokremlenіst, rozvivayut іnformatsіynі tehnologії radically pereglyadayut character vzaєmin s іnshimi kompanіyami (vstupayuchi s them in the Union abo utvoryuyut vіrtualnі kompanії, de realіzuyutsya partnerskі vіdnosini).

Neobhіdno vіdznachiti scho organіchny type of structure upravlіnnya znahoditsya deprivation in pochatkovіy fazі Svoge rozvitku, i in "pure" vidі yogo vikoristovuyut nebagato organіzatsіy. Ale tsogo Elements pіdhodu to the structure of upravlіnnya won dosit shirokiyrozvitok, Especially in quiet kompanіyah scho pragnut pristosuvatisya to dinamіchno mіnlivogo seredovischa i postіyno realіzovuyut rіznі projects.