home Management lecture notes Upravlіnnya special projects (abstract lektsіy NUDPSU)

Upravlіnnya special projects (abstract lektsіy NUDPSU)

4. Zagalnі pіdhodi to planuvannya, strukturizatsії i Control proektіv

4.1. Makroekonomіchny pіdhіd to planuvannya proektіv

Navit wide zagalovi vidomi schemes organizatsiї galuzevogo, regionalnogo upravlinnya that upravlinnya pidpriєmstvom, schemes yaki zbereglisya in nashiy kraїni donini. However nazvani schemes, yak vidomo fahivtsyam s upravlinnya, priynyatni for bil-Mensch stiykih structures yaki funktsionuyut in vidnosno stabilnih minds. Tasks such upravlinnya Je zberezhennya isnuyuchogo encampments that stiykih tempiv rozvitku, control nebazhanih at tsomu plani zmin that vidhilen. For situatsiy, yaki, navpaki, ending potrebuyut organizatsiynih, tehnologichnih that inshih zmin requiring zastosovuvati upravlinnya scheme pobudovanu for the project principle (schos on zrazok kolishnogo program- tsilovogo upravlinnya in ekonomitsi administrativniy). Here, Vlasnyi, mainly metoyu Je zdiysnennya tasks efektivnosti zmin, vidpovidno to chogo planuyutsya resources vartist i hour organizuєtsya vzaєmodiya menedzheriv protsesi have control over tsimi zminnimi parameters. In rozvinutih ekonomikah project management nabuvaє poshirennya yak method upravlinnya in minds zmin, zumovlenih on vidminu vid our obstavin, Shvidky Progreso tehnologiy that konkurentsiєyu.

Ob'єktivno, tse neminuchy processes, i vidbuvaєtsya Vin, however, Mauger Buti priskoreny, Yakscho bude usvidomleny.

Podivimos, yak transformuyutsya ostannim hour organic vikonavchoї Vladi: vid galuzevogo upravlinnya to program- tsilovogo. Deyaki sogodnishni ministerstva, derzhavni komiteti that Je Agency suti authorities upravlinnya Programs (Minchornobil, Minekobezpeki, Ministerstvo Nadzvychaina sytuatsia situatsiy, Natsionalne Agency s rekonstruktsiї that rozvitku, Natsionalne Agency s informatizatsiї, Natsionalne kosmichne agency Reigning Ukraine innovatsiyny fund that inshi). Taki sotsialno oriєntovani ministerstva, yak Minnauki, Minosviti i is the number of bi inshih Somalia based svoєї diyalnosti takozh poklast zdiysnennya tsilovih specific program, yaki pov'yazani s vitratoyu resursiv. Schodo "metodologichnih" ministerstv that vidomstv (Minekonomiki, Minfin, Minprats Ir.), Then їhnya rezultativnist nabagato pidvischilas bi at nayavnosti єdinoї metodologichnoї Basics of planuvannya that control pobudovanih for the project principle.

Perche for all, Got Booty rozroblena obgruntovana, tobto real Uryadova kontseptsiya rozvitku ekonomiki, scho mistit prioriteti the foundation mehanizmiv, yaki diyatimut.

Won Got konkretizuvatisya bilsh detail galuzevimi, regionalnimi that tsilovimi Integrated Programs. Ostanni yavlyayutsya him multiproject that detalizuyutsya in viglyadi specific proektiv, viznachenih have resources chasi, vartosti that efektivnosti and takozh in sposobi organіzatsії upravlinnya.

Suttєvoyu osoblivistyu proektiv Yea those scho stink yavlyayutsya him odnochasno kerovanu that keruyuchu system tobto project - tse okrema system upravlinnya viznachenim s results, with dinamichna system iz zvorotnim zv'yazkom. Stay rice daє mozhlivist iteratsiyno, znizu burn out, utochnyuvati galuzevi, regionalni that kompleksni programiprogrami i navit kontseptsiyu.

Fig. 4.1. System upravlinnya Programs (projects)

In the minds defitsitu Reigning investitsiynih resursiv Especially values ​​nabuvaє їh efektivnosti vikoristannya, tobto otrimannya maximum kintsevogo virobnichogo that sotsialno-ekonomichnogo rezultativ at ratsionalnih vitratah tsentralizovanih Reigning koshtiv. For tsgo natsionalni prog that projects inshi koshtovni trivali that come in powers yak treba rozglyadati investitsiyni projection obmezhenimi s resources. Require at Costa, neobhidnih for otrimannya povnotsinnih kintsevih rezultativ, yak usually nabagato perevischuyut mozhlivosti powers. Vinikayut alternatives: ABO zdiysnyuvati Mensch kilkist proektiv, obmezhitis minimalnimi scales abo shukati dodatkovi dzherela finansuvannya. Stop alternative viglyadaє naybilsh Bazhanov, ale vimagaє deyakoї pidgotovchoї robots.

Krim efekta scale vazhlivim result realizatsiї takoї strategiї bude i bilsh dostovirne obgruntuvannya maybutnih budgetary vitrat that nadhodzhen.

H point Zora rezultativ, rozrobleni project from skladi Reigning program mozhut Buti nepributkovimi that pributkovimi. Pershi zdiysnyuyutsya zdebilshogo in byudzhetniy sferi scho zatrudnyuє viznachennya direct efekt, ale Tim bilshe potrebuє ratsionalizatsiї vitratnoї Chastain - hour that resursiv usih vidiv. Velika uwagi of such projects requires pridilyati planuvannyu tenderiv on vikonannya robit that supply obladnannya, de often zustrichaєtsya perevitrata koshtiv and inodi zlovzhivannya. Pributkovi projection yavlyayutsya him zvichayni investitsiї in yakih tilki not potribno viznachati vitrati and takozh ekonomichni (makroriven) that finansovi (mikroekonomichni) The results obov'yazkovo rozrahuvati standartni pokazniki efektivnosti (NPV, IRR).

Vidpovidno at rozrobtsi proektiv, if viznachayutsya tsili, resources that Participants can zastosuvati two pidhodi.

1. Planuvati projection iz rozrahunku viklyuchno on derzhavni dzherela finansuvannya. Taqiy pidhid ekonomichno dotsilny deprivation for nepributkovih proektiv, abo at Closed-harakteri tehnologiy that ob'єktiv.
2. Planuvati deprivation chastkovi derzhavni investitsi. Vihodyachi iz rozrahovanoї maksimalnoї efektivnosti proektiv, їhni line that will vartist pohidnimi vid variantu s naykraschimi ekonomichnimi that finansovimi pokaznikami. Participants that schemes finansuvannya viznachatimutsya in rezultati tenderiv that peregovoriv scho provoditimutsya on osnovi materialiv project.

Beruchi to uwagi defitsit Budget of Ukraine, dotsilno obmezhiti pilgove finansuvannya proektiv s side powers in the furrows deprivation takoї chastki (abo nadannyam vidpovidnih podatkovih pilg scho Reigning rivnotsinne investitsiyam) yaki b robili project privablivim for uchasti inshih investoriv. For tsogo dosit dovoditi rozrahunkovy lines okupnosti proektiv 3-5 rokiv and pokaznik pributkovosti (IRR) up to 30-50% for the kreditiv that 20-25% for direct investitsiy.

Napriklad, rozroblyaєtsya vazhlivy powers for the project. Doslidzhennya that obgruntuvannya pokazuyut, scho at priynyatnomu termini okupnosti project on yogo zdiysnennya potribno 100 odinits koshtiv and finansova efektivnist becoming 15%. Ale spetsialni dodatkovi rozrahunki pokazuyut, napriklad scho vkladayuchi deprivation in the project 20 odinits (abo nadayuchi vidpovidni pilgi) Rasht 80 odinits investitsiy matimut finansovu efektivnist 30%. When tsmu ekonomichna (narodnogospodarska) efektivnist slit Vishcha: Aje viplachena salary podatki that inshi vidrahuvannya vsih vidiv on orders mozhut perevischuvati Prybutok investora.

Vrahovuyuchi digit kilkist proektiv that zmishanu form їh finansuvannya, power is not Mauger i do not blame povnistyu zabezpechuvati upravlinnya projects. Funktsiї powers on tsomu etapi toil zvoditis to reglamentuyuchih procedures vstanovlennya vidboru proektiv rules that control їhnoї realizatsiї, viznachenni uchasti powers have finansuvanni toscho. At the same hour Got funktsionuvati doskonala system upravlinnya project s vikoristannyam usogo arsenal neobhidnih metodiv that zasobiv. Tsi funktsiї in sogodnishnih minds shaping can deprivation vikonuvati spetsializovani nederzhavni konsultatsiyni that upravlinski firmi s personnel visokoї kvalifikatsiї.

Priymayuchi to uwagi scale, regionalnu that galuzevu riznomanitnist Reigning investitsiynih program, neobhidno zberegti bude tilki funktsiyu the General vikonavtsiv preparation that monitoringu Reigning proektiv. So, Natsionalne Agency s power informatizatsiї stvoryuє profesiynu structure - Centre investitsiy that upravlinnya projects. Analogichni structuring s bilsh Mensch Povny range funktsiy Je in inshih ministerstvah, regionah. Centers, but, to toil zaluchati subpidryadu inshi nederzhavni profesiyni structure.

The objectives podibnih organizatsiy toil Buti:

• Rozrobka printsipiv that mehanizmiv realizatsiї vidpovidnih Reigning proektiv program that, in addition chisli, viznachennya order that procedures vzaєmodiї uchasnikiv.
• Upravlinnya Programs yak multiprojects, їh rozrobka, monitoring is the update on the planned period.
• Rozrobka that management okremih proektiv, Especially Folding is the quiet, scho finansuyutsya s budget. Finansuvannya - for the sake of direct iz zamovnikami, in addition chisli Reigning for rakhunok Chastain koshtiv vidpovidnih proektiv. Standard vitrat on upravlinnya project skladatime blizko 5% obsyagu investitsiy.
• The fate of at yakosti spivvikonavtsya that predstavnika Reigning interesiv in rozrobtsi that upravlinni projects zi zmishanim finansuvannyam. Peredproektni doslidzhennya that rozrobka proektiv mozhut finansuvatis powers and stadiya realizatsiї, in addition chisli upravlinnya - s pozabyudzhetnih Jerel zaluchenih investoriv.

4.2. Osnovnі processes in upravlіnnі projects

Upravlіnnya Project - іntegrovany processes. Dії (chi їhnya vіdsutnіst) in one napryamku zvichayno vplivayut i on INSHI apryamki. Taqiy vzaєmozv'yazok zmushuє balansuvati mіzh objectives of the project - often in pokraschannya odnіy oblastі Mauger Buti deprivation dosyagnuto for rakhunok pogіrshennya in іnshіy. For maintained upstream rozumіnnya іntegrovanoї Nature upravlіnnya opishemo yogo projects through processes, s yakih vono skladaєtsya i їhnogo vzaєmozv'yazku.

Termіn processes not zastosovuєtsya in Ukraїnі kontekstі in fact, at the Money Does vіn Dali vikoristovuєtsya. Napriklad, A.Peresada nadaє the following viznachennya BIZNES-processes: "BIZNES-processes - tse large Quantity vnutrіshnіh krokіv (vidіv dіyalnostі), scho rozpochinayutsya s one abo bіlshe vhodіv i zakіnchuyutsya stvorennyam produktsії, neobhіdnoї klієntu" (s.825). Kerіvnitstvo s power management project (the PMBOK) Іnstitutu project management in the United States redaktsії 2000 imposing rock TAKE viznachennya processes: Process - "Act reasonably serіya Tse, scho lead to a result" (C.29) then i Mi Dali pid Process'll rozumіti dії i procedures pov'yazanі s realіzatsієyu funktsіy upravlіnnya. Tacke rozumіnnya protsesіv priynyate in mіzhnarodnomu spіvtovaristvі. Oskіlki metoyu danogo posіbnika Je Taqiy viklad bases upravlіnnya project, scho Ukrainian vrahovuє osoblivostі when i tsomu vіdpovіdaє priynyatim in svіtі standards for E mozhlivostі zberіgaєmo zagalnopriynyatu in svіtі termіnologіyu.

The process of the project. Project skladaєtsya s protsesіv. Process - tse sukupnіst Act reasonably, scho paid dividends. The process of project zvichayno vikonuyutsya people i rozpadayutsya on Dvi osnovnі groups:

1. Process Upravlіnnya Project - scho stosuyutsya organіzatsії i robіt inventory project (SSMSC will memo opisanі Dali);

2. Process, orієntovanі product - scho stosuyutsya spetsifіkatsіy i virobnitstva product. Tsі processes obumovlyuyutsya zhittєvim cycle project i od the Branch zastosuvannya stale. The project processes upravlіnnya project i processes, orієntovanі product, nakladayutsya i vzaєmodіyut. Napriklad, tsіlі project is not shaping can Buti viznachenі at vіdsutnostі rozumіnnya of yak stvoriti product.

GROUP protsesіv. Process upravlіnnya projects shaping can Buti podіlenі on shіst basic group, scho realіzuyut rіznі funktsії upravlіnnya:

1. Process іnіtsіatsії - uhvalennya rіshennya about cob vikonannya project;

2) Process planuvannya - viznachennya tsіley i kriterіїv of Success project i rozrobka robochem schemes їhnogo dosyagnennya;

3) Process vikonannya - koordinatsіya people i іnshih resursіv for vikonannya plan;

4) Process analіzu - viznachennya vіdpovіdnostі plan i vikonannya project posed tsіlyam i i kriterіyam of Success of acceptance rіshen about neobhіdnіst zastosuvannya koriguvalnih Act reasonably;

5) Process upravlіnnya - viznachennya neobhіdnih koriguvalnih vplivіv, їhnє uzgodzhennya, zatverdzhennya i zastosuvannya;

6) The process of completion - formalіzatsіya vikonannya project i yogo pіdvedennya to uporyadkovanogo fіnalu. Krіm of processes upravlіnnya projects zv'yazanі svoїmi results - the result of a vikonannya staє vihіdnoyu іnformatsієyu for іnshogo. I, nareshtі, Je vzaєmozv'yazki group protsesіv rіznih phase project. Napriklad, zakrittya odnієї Fazi Mauger Buti input for іnіtsіatsії nastupnoї Fazi (butt: Finished Fazi proektuvannya vimagaє skhvalennya zamovnikom proektnoї dokumentatsії scho neobhіdna for realіzatsії cob). In real proektі Fazi mozhut not tіlki pereduvati one to one, ale i nakladatisya. Repetition іnіtsіatsії on rіznih project phases dopomagaє kontrolyuvati aktualnіst vikonannya project. Yakscho yogo neobhіdnіst zdіysnennya vіdpala, chergova іnіtsіatsіya dozvolyaє vchasno tse ustanoviti th uniknuti zayvih vitrat.

GROUP protsesіv zv'yazanі mіzh sight for їh results - vihіdny result of one Process Je vihіdnim on іnshomu. Vzaєmozv'yazki mіzh GROUP protsesіv pokazanі in Fig. 1.

Strіlki vіdobrazhayut flows dokumentіv i dokumentovanih elementіv

Vzaєmozv'yazki protsesіv. Useredinі kozhnoї groupies processes upravlіnnya projects zv'yazanі one s one through svoї come in i vihodi.

Come - documents abo dokumentovanі pokazniki, zgіdno Yakima vikonuєtsya processes.

Vihodi - documents abo dokumentovanі pokazniki scho Yea result of processes.

I Metodi zasobi - mehanіzmi on yakih vhіd peretvoryuєtsya in vihіd.