Agrarian Ekonomіka of companies - Andrіychuk VG

1.3. Causes of Agrarian Creasy 90 Rokach XX storіchchya that form її Wink

Krizovі yavischa in sіlskomu gospodarstvі Ukraine became dosit relєfno proyavlyatisya slit in the minds of Planning and Economy tsentralіzovanoї, perevazhno in formі stagnatsії. W cob perehіdnogo perіodu (1991 p.), If the old evils rozpochavsya organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnogo mehanіzmu upravlіnnya tsentralіzovanoyu ekonomіkoyu i boule zroblenі Pershi sprobi vprovadzhennya rinkovih vіdnosin have nashіy derzhavі through low vinikla reasons gliboka Ekonomichna crisis. For Rocky tsієї Creasy Narodne Gospodarstwa Kraina suffered velikі vtrati, іstotno pogіrshivsya materіalny Dobrobut population Wkra zagostrilasya demografіchna situatsіya. Reason Tsikh vitrat toil ob'єktivny yak, so i sub'єktivny character.

Ob'єktivnі Reason kriyutsya in skladnoschah perehіdnogo perіodu od scheduled to tsentralіzovanoї rinkovoї Economy. Systemic transformatsіya scho vіdbuvaєtsya in kraїnі for svoїmi scale i Glibin Absent іstorichnih analogіv, bіlshe note scho happened to її poєdnuvati s virіshennyam collapsible complex problems z pov'yazanih Rozbudova derzhavnostі Ukraine, formation її suverennoї Kraina yak, rіvnopravnogo sub'єkta єvropeyskogo that svіtovogo spіvtovaristva. Vodnochase priyshlosya Dolata zhorstku ofіtsіynu that neofіtsіynu protidіyu been approved, i zmіtsnennyu ekonomіchnoї Nezalezhnosti nashoї powers s side kolishnoї metropolії. Ob'єktivnim chinnikom Je minutes that obstavina scho fіnansova pіdtrimka zdіysnyuvanih in Ukraїnі s side reforms that the IMF іnshih mіzhnarodnih fіnansovih іnstitutsіy slapped perevazhno s clearly neobґruntovanimi zasterezhennyami i vimogami, dotrimannya yakih applied ekonomіtsі Skoda Power. Leads prihovane abo vіdkrite blokuvannya nashoї powers at vihodі zovnіshnіy on rinok s visokotehnologіchnoyu produktsієyu (napriklad, s lіtakom AN-70). Іnozemnі іnvestitsії svіdomo not spryamovuyutsya on rozvitok prіoritetnih areas virobnitstva іz Suchasnyj visokoefektivnimi tehnologіyami i novіtnoyu tehnіkoyu that obladnannyam.

Ofіtsіyno viznano (. Napriklad divas, has acted as the President of Ukraine on 16 naukovіy konferentsії leaf fall 2000 p // Uriadovy Courier -.. 2000 - 18 listop.), Scho znachnі ekonomіchnі i sotsіalnі vtrati zumovlenі vodnochase assumptions prorahunkami i pomilkami at viborі modelі transformatsіynih protsesіv. Zokrema, zaznachaєtsya scho emphasis Bulo zrobleno on rinkovu transformatsіyu, todі yak small zdіysnyuvatisya systemic transformatsіya suspіlstva, tobto vazhlivo Bulo zabezpechiti Povny zbalansovanіst complex chinnikіv suspіlnih peretvoren, Sereda yakih, krіm rinkovih, chіlne Location little bootie vіdvedeno neekonomіchnim chinnikam - sotsіalnim, polіtichnim, suspіlnіy svіdomostі, kulturі, moral and psihologіchnim tsіnnostyam. Not Bula vrahovana that ob'єktivna obstavina, scho shaping can Buti rinkovі peretvorennya efektivnosti, if not stink nashtovhuyutsya on іnstitutsіynі chinniki, SSMSC for svoєyu by nature Je evolyutsіynimi to vіdomogo stage conservative and otzhe not shaping can Buti zdіysnenі raptovo, vodnochase.

Vіdomo scho naybіlshih vtrat UKRAINE conceited in Rocky Pershi reforms oskіlki not Bulo їh theoreticity obґruntuvannya i viznachennya tsіlovoї funktsії, vivazhenostі, poslіdovnostі Act reasonably, kompleksnostі i gradatsії prіoritetіv schodo zastosuvannya rinkovih ekonomіchnih vazhelіv toscho. In rezultatі reform zdіysnyuvalisya bezsistemno at sutі trial i pomilok vprodovzh dekіlkoh rokіv. Nevipravdano pospіshno Bulo zdіysneno restrukturizatsіyu great Reigning bankіv i peretvorennya їh in komertsіynі. For vіdsutnostі neobhіdnoї zakonodavchoї bazi, vіlnih kapіtalіv, dosvіdu stosunkіv of companies i s population such banks vіdbulosya at sutі, legіtimne prisvoєnnya derzhavnoї in vlasnostі digit rozmіrah Kupka dіlkіv i zarodzhennya clan "novih ukraїntsіv-olіgarhіv". Orієntatsіya Private bankіv on obsession nadpributkіv zavdyaki zavischennyu interest rates for loans pіdshtov-Huwa іnflyatsіynі processes, spriyala overflow koshtіv od of companies to bankіvskih structures. In all sukupnostі tse i spawned іnflyatsіyu i gіperіnflyatsіyu (1993 p.), Nadіstotne (25%) zmenshennya GDP in 1994 p., Structural rozbalansovanіst Economy, recession її rozvitku away. Vtracheno sotsіalnі zdobutki, nabutі for Rocky radyanskoї Vladi, oskіlki principle sotsіalnoї spravedlivostі without becoming viznachalnim at zdіysnennі reforms. Іstotno poglibilosya Mainova rozsharuvannya population i yogo diferentsіatsіya for rіvnem materіalnogo DOBROBUT. Income Kupka (10%) of the population of Ukraine for naybagatshogo ofіtsіynimi danimi perevischuyut Income naybіdnіshih miles bіlsh nіzh population in 10 razіv (not vrahovuyuchi prihovanih dohodіv), scho vdvіchі perevischuє Danian pokaznik іnshih postsotsіalіstichnih kraїn. Tse to generally produces digit zrostannya sotsіalnoї naprugi in suspіlstvі. Potrіbna Bula negayna sotsіalna pereorієntatsіya reforms parostki yakoї have become proyavlyatisya in 2000 r. (Repayment zaborgovanostі on pensіyah i zarobіtnіy platі, pіdvischennya pensіy i mіnіmalnogo rіvnya zarobіtnoї pay toscho). On chasі rozrobka neobhіdnih regulatory and legal aktіv on Zahist іnteresіv drіbnih vlasnikіv: aktsіonerіv, vlasnikіv Mainova i paїv land and corporate law. Vazhlivo vіdnoviti tsіlovu funktsіyu sertifіkatnoї privatizatsії, yak on sutі nіchogo korisnogo did not bring the people, and in bearing-down peretvorilasya chinnik tіnovoї Economy i prizvela, znovu Well again, to zbagachennya slim prosharku suspіlstva.

Rinkova transformatsіya i on the cob 2002 p. shte not Nabeul nalezhnogo іnnovatsіynogo spryamuvannya. Digit skoroti fіnansuvannya fundamentalnoї i prikladnoї science, eksportі perevazhayut sirovinnі resources.

Vikladenі ob'єktivnі that sub'єktivnі Reason ekonomіchnoї zooms i Creasy Creasy sіlskogo Gospodarstwa. Prote tsya Galuzo hit the uniquely skrutnіshe encampment through dіyu іnshih chinnikіv makroekonomіchnoї destabіlіzatsії. One s naybіlsh іstotnih such chinnikіv Je disparity tsіn on sіlskogospodarsku produktsіyu i on promislovі goods, scho virobnicho spozhivayutsya sіlskogospodarskimi tovarovirobnikami. The problem of disparity rozglyadatimetsya detail in temі 17. Here zaznachimo deprivation, scho agrarnі pіdpriєmstva, sold in 1999. Taku Well itself Quantity sіlskogospodarskoї pro-duktsії, scho i 1990 p., spromozhnі boule buy teper promislovoї produktsії mayzhe at less then 6 razіv, nіzh ranіshe.

After that іnflyatsіyu gіperіnflyatsіyu and takozh through disparity tsіn agrarnі pіdpriєmstva vtratili svoї obіgovі Costa, and popovniti їh for rakhunok zovnіshnіh Jerel fіnansuvannya not stink boule spromozhnі. Tse slit viklikano dієyu one negative ekonomіchnogo chinnika scho prizvіv to pogliblennya Agrarian crises, - nedostupnostі for sіlskogospodarskih tovarovirobnikіv kreditіv without yakih, yak already zaznachalosya, sіlske Gospodarstwa normal rozvivatisya not Mauger. The main reason for takoї nedostupnostі steel Nadzvychaina sytuatsia visokі kreditnі rates that korotkі termіni nadannya Credit resursіv. W іnshogo side, vіdbuvavsya vіdtіk kreditіv od sіlskih tovarovirobnikіv. Tse zumovleno zbitkovіstyu agrarian bіlshostі of companies, they have vіdsutnіstyu neobhіdnіy kіlkostі lіkvіdnogo Lane pid outpost i Dovgy trivalіstyu turnover kapіtalu, great їh zaborgovanіstyu. Dosit skazati scho serednі kreditnі komertsіynih bankіv rate stood at 1996 p. 80% 1997 p. - 49%, 1998 p. - 55%, 1999. - 55% have sіchnі 2000 r. - 56%. Yakscho vrahuvati, scho Tsikh rіvnі іnflyatsії in hours vіdrіzkah skladali vіdpovіdno 40, 10, 20, 19 = 5%, the lending rate s їh virahuvannyam vserіvno zalishalasya Wkra Visoko i dorіvnyuvala 40, 39, 35, 36 i 51%.

The problem for kredituvannya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa uniquely uskladnyuєtsya slit th tim, scho tsya Galuzo roztsіnyuєtsya komertsіynimi banks yak credit rizikovana. Tom lending rates for agricultural vstanovlyuєtsya of companies vischoyu porіvnyano s її rіvnem for іnshih Galuzo of companies. Yakscho, skazhіmo have bereznі 2000 p. protsentnі rates for loans komertsіynih bankіv for budіvelnoї іndustrії have become 35.3%, torgіvlі i Gromadska harchuvannya - 36.3, promislovostі - 38.7%, for the sіlskogo Gospodarstwa - 44.6%. Krіm temple interest rates vіdbuvalosya i blokuvannya kredituvannya agrarian sector Economy through nemozhlivіst vikoristannya zemlі ob'єkta yak outpost sprichinenu nerozvinenіstyu tsogo resource market analysis and takozh through zvuzhenu mozhlivіst vikoristannya gotovoї produktsії ob'єkta yak outpost in zv'yazku s іsnuvannyam protyagom trivalogo hour pershochergovostі rozrahunkіv. Aje vіdpovіdno to їh vimog produktsії i could not vistachiti for zadovolennya potreb kreditorіv, oskіlki Won could Buti vikoristana for zadovolennya vischih for rank zobov'yazan.

Otzhe, vtrati agrarian pіdpriєmstvami obіgovih koshtіv i nemozhlivіst zaluchennya Credit resursіv prizveli to blokuvannya processes vіdtvorennya mainly zasobіv sіlskogospodarskogo priznachennya i materіalnih zasobіv werewolf. Pіdpriєmstva not mali zmogi onoviti zruynovany tractor fleet, pridbati neobhіdnu Quantity mіneralnih Welcome, spare Chastain, otrutohіmіkatіv, pal, Nasinnya vischih reproductive konditsіy, pal-mastilnih materіalіv. In rezultatі agrarnі tovarovirobniki vimusheno pereyshli on ekstensivny type rozvitku scho suprovodzhuєtsya deіndustrіalіzatsієyu virobnitstva zastosuvannyam i have great scale ruchnoї pratsі. Naslіdki not Zabar - Year from Year skorochuvavsya obsyag sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva th obsyag sale sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії and vіdtak sformuvalasya "loop" Agrarian crisis (Figure 1.1.).

"Loop" Agrarian Creasy

Fig. 1.1. "Loop" Agrarian Creasy

Fig. 1.1 MD - tse makroekonomіchna destabіlіzatsіya, I - іnflyatsіya that gіperіnflyatsіya, DC - disparity tsіn, NKR - nedostupnіst Credit resursіv, FOC - vtrata sіlskogospodarskimi tovarovirobnikami obіgovih koshtіv, IEC - nestacha koshtіv for vіdtvorennya, USC - basic kapіtalu, SCs - working kapіtalu, ETR - ekstensivny type rozvitku, COB - skorochennya obsyagu virobnitstva sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії, SOP - skorochennya obsyagu sale sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії, ZGN - zmenshennya sumi penny nadhodzhen.

Zrozumіlo scho Zi skorochennyam obsyagu virobnitstva that obsyagu sale zmenshuyutsya groshovі nadhodzhennya and otzhe, pіdpriєmstva not toil mozhlivostі vіdtvoriti virobnichі resources for normal funktsіonuvannya virobnitstva. Vіdtak can sformulyuvati are petlі Agrarian Creasy yak Pevnyi enchantment colonies, if pіdpriєmstva not toil koshtіv for zakupіvlі neobhіdnih resursіv, dwellers zabezpechiti zbіlshennya virobnitstva produktsії and tsі Costa stink not zmozі will win, more in the minds ekstensivnogo virobnitstva little viroblyayut i prodayutsya produktsії, yak vodnochase Je Nadto road through digit pіdvischennya chastki postіynih vitrat in sobіvartostі tsієї produktsії.

For Agrarian Creasy harakternі takі FORMS Wink:

  • vtrata obіgovih koshtіv;
  • decline obsyagu virobnitstva sіlskogospodarskoї produk-tsії, sprichineny znizhennyam urozhaynostі cultures i produktivnostі tvarin and takozh zmenshennyam posіvnoї ploschі i pogolіv'ya leanness;
  • іstotne skorochennya serednodushovogo spozhivannya mainly produktіv harchuvannya;
  • znizhennya efektivnostі virobnitstva that yogo zbitkovіst;
  • znizhennya produktivnostі pratsі that її payment;
  • Attenuation іnvestitsіynoї dіyalnostі i ruynatsіya main kapіtalu;
  • crisis neplatezhіv i barterizatsіya obmіnu.

Yak bachimo, crisis sіlskogo Gospodarstwa Bula vseohoplyuyuchoyu, system. Tse vimagalo of acceptance of complex radically zahodіv macro- i mіkrorіvnyah aimed at stabіlіzatsіyu sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva i dohodіv agrarian of companies, polіpshennya sotsіalnih minds of the villagers is the foundation for zakladannya їh zrostannya away. Zvazhayuchi on vinyatkovu vazhlivіst tsієї problems mi slit not time we zvertatisya to neї in the following rozdіlah danogo pіdruchnika.