Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

10. phenomenology

One s bunt napryamkіv suchasnoї fіlosofskoї pillows Je phenomenology, scho literally oznachaє vchennya about the phenomenon. Phenomenology not tіlki oznamenuvala Novi twist in vivchennі problemi svіdomostі, ale th viznachila novі zavdannya fіlosofskoї science tsіlomu. Zasnovnikom fenomenologії in addition viglyadі Where Money Does kultivuєtsya Won in the XX century., Je Edmund Husserl. Pid phenomenon in fіlosofії, pochinayuchi s I. Kant traditsіyno rozumіyut yavische, Cauterets osyagaєtsya in chuttєvomu dosvіdі. E. Husserl as rozumіє pid phenomenon smisli predmetіv, SSMSC vinikayut in svіdomostі. Tsya vihіdna installation on yakіy buduєtsya fenomenologіchna fіlosofіya, pragne make Povny yasnіst in power about osyagnennya sutnostі speeches scho realіzuєtsya through naukovі ponyattya. Yakima rank lyudinі vdaєtsya osyagnuti sutnіst speeches? On tse power do not give perekonlivoї vіdpovіdі predstavniki naturalіzmu ni, ni predstavniki sub'єktivіzmu. Suttєvo zbіdnyuyut processes pіznannya i Ti, hto vvazhaє scho naukovі ponyattya utvoryuyutsya zavdyaki abstraktsіyam. Podolannya vsіh trudnoschіv E. Husserl vbachaє in poslіdovnіy fіlosofії have fenomenologії.

Klyuchovі words

phenomenon, Epoch, fenomenologіchna reduktsіya, іntentsіya, konstituyuvannya, horizon, іntentsіyna meta, Noah, іntentsіyny korelyant "zhittєvy World"

10.1. SPETSIFІKA FІLOSOFІЇ have KONTEKSTІ FENOMENOLOGІЇ

"Z samoї mitі Svoge Winick-fіlosofіya acted as s pretenzієyu Buti rigorous science, i at that with such a, b KOTRA zadovolnyala naybіlsh visokі teoretichnі i require in-upmost relіgіynomu vіdnoshennі robila b mozhlivim Zhittya, kerovane net rate Rozum".

E. Husserl

• The founder of one s provіdnih napryamіv suchasnoї zahіdnoї fіlosofії - fenomenologії E. Husserl (1859-1938) bringing the issue fіlosofії strogoї yak i tochnoї science. E. Husserl - vcheny, yaky was slain teoretichnі Basics of Suchasnyj zahіdnogo mislennya i viznachiv problems mayzhe vsіh napryamіv fіlosofії (ekzistentsіalіzmu, fіlosofskoї i kulturnoї antropologії, hermeneutics, strukturalіzmu, dekonstruktivіzmu). Narodivsya vіn in Avstrії have dvadtsyat two prophets zakіnchiv ically mathematical faculty Leyptsizkogo unіversitetu. Zatsіkavlenіst fіlosofієyu i fіlosofskimi power in ically mathematical sciences has led E. Husserl in Vіdensky University, de vіn zdobuv fіlosofsku osvіtu pid kerіvnitstvom famous at that hour of professor fіlosofії Franz Brentano (1838-1917). In 1887 Husserl rotsі zahischaє doktorsku disertatsіyu in Gallskomu unіversitetі Bagato rokіv vikladav in Gettіngenskomu, Freyburzkomu i Gallskomu unіversitetah Yogo Persha robot "Fіlosofіya arithmetic" pіdvodit empіrichnu basis pid usі matematichnі science. Ale wide vіdomіst brought Husserl "Logіchnі doslіdzhennya" opublіkovanі in 1900-1901 pp. Through dekіlka rokіv zavdyaki tsіy pratsі Winick "fenomenologіchny ruh", yaky proіsnuvav up cob rokіv 30s of XX century. Tretіy - "transcendental" - at the Etap formuvannі fіlosofії E. Husserl pov'yazuyut s yogo robot 'Іdeї chistoї fenomenologії "(1913 p), in yakіy vіn okresliv scope doslіdzhennya Vlasnyi fenomenologії yak fіlosofskoї science. The author set himself zavdannya Know єdino vіrnu basis fіlosofії, science i whether yakogo Znannya vzagalі In ostannіy robotі "Krisa єvropeyskih Sciences i transcendental phenomenology" Husserl E. namagaєtsya doslіditi Reason i dzherela zanepadu zahіdnoєvropeyskoї culture i vsogo zahіdnogo suspіlstva in tsіlomu. Mislitel died in 1938 rotsі, zalishivshi pіslya currently Bhagat CREATIVE spadschinu. In yogo arhіvі in Luvenі (Vöslau) zberіgaєtsya Ponad 40,000 neopublіkovanih storіnok writing characters vinaydenogo him skorochenogo method of writing. Bagato shkіl fіlosofії, psihologії, sotsіologії, kulturologії spriynyali іdeї E. Husserl

In stverdzhennі svoєї pozitsії E. Husserl vihodit s of scho yogo on OAO All іsnuyuchі hour fіlosofskі vchennya not vіdpovіdali vimogam strogoї naukovostі, oskіlki for zrazok naukovostі take about the nature of science i suspіlstvo. OAO All science can be podіliti two main Vidi:

• eydetichnі science to yakih nalezhat logіka, math i fіlosofіya;

• faktualnі science SSMSC obґruntovuyut svoї sudzhennya posilannyam on facts kotrі toil vipadkovy character.

Fіlosofskim sudzhennyam not pritamannі ni tochnіst ically mathematical іstin, ni chuttєvі sposterezhennya іstin fіzichnih Pong nd not povinnі mother їh, oskіlki fіlosofіya Je novim vimіrom knowledge pov'yazanim іz pragnennyam to pure i absolute knowledge.

Spravzhnya fіlosofіya, abo transcendental phenomenology, on the factual vіdmіnu od Sciences, Je science is not about facts but about sutnostі. Prote on vіdmіnu od іnshih eydetichnih Sciences (napriklad, mathematics), Won Mauger not abstraguvatisya od the fact scho all given to us through svіdomіst. Got the right Fіlosofіya s mislennyam, spryamovanim for Taqiy yak, i in tsomu won rozumіnnі not discursive, and іnterpretativna. Osnovnі RISS fіlosofskogo Knowledge - samoochevidnіst absolute, absolute іstina, bezposerednya spoglyadalnіst sutnostі.

Viyaviti tsі sutnostі, tobto konstituyuvati subject fіlosofії in fenomenologіchnomu rozumіnnі, mozhlivo deprivation Relief for spetsіalnogo method - the method fenomenologіchnoї reduktsії. Phenomenon - tse Yea i that sutnіst, KOTRA viyavlyaє currently have svіdomostі zavdyaki fenomenologіchnіy reduktsії.

"Іstorichnі fіlosofії without sumnіvu, boules fіlosofіyami svіtospoglyadannya, oskіlki over їh Creator panuvalo pragnennya to mudrostі; Ale stink boule completely with such a Well mіroyu fіlosofіyami Naukova, Aje they lived once s note i meta strogoї naukovostі ".

E. Husserl

"Fіlosofіya vimagaє samovіdrechennya NKVD, not ale to scho їy potrіbna Lyudin, and what scho not Mauger Buti іstina special person."

Shpet

Fenomenologіchna reduktsіya zdіysnyuєtsya two Etap:

• on etapі eydetichnoї reduktsії E representable pid sumnіv tsіnnіst vihіdnogo for bagatoh Sciences vіruvannya in realnіst zovnіshnogo svitu ( "vmіschuєmo at bow zovnіshnіy World");

• on etapі transtsendentalnoї reduktsії representable pid sumnіv vіruvannya in realnіst "I" Yak Chastain realnostі zovnіshnogo svitu ( "vmіschuєmo at bow empіrichnu samosvіdomіst").

Svit, so rank, redukuєtsya to pure phenomenon abo eydosa (in logіchno i verbally fіksovanіy formі). Eydos (phenomenon) Je konfіguratsієyu vsogo danogo, Cauterets vistupaє yak "mіra realnostі, faktichnostі". Fenomenologіchne Znannya Je absolute knowledge about sutnostі, kotrі vipravdovuyut whether knowledge about The yak is a fact.

Іdeyu E. Husserl about fіlosofіyu yak rigorous science abo pure knowledge komentuє predstavnik rosіyskoї fenomenologії Shpet. Vіn talk about Dvi "zhiteyskі" Spokusa fіlosofії yak for pure knowledge: pіti abo Shlyakhov "psevdofіlosofії" abo Shlyakhov "mudrostі". Psevdofіlosofіya vinikaє todі, if fіlosofіya takes virіshuvati Naukova zasobami (for zrazkom whether yakoї spetsіalnoї science) food, kotrі Naukova virіshennyu not pіdlyagayut. Schos vipadkove, factuality zvoditsya at tsomu in rank absolyutnoї tsіnnostі Meta fіlosofії - not explanations and specific Opis of scho bachit svіdomіst refleksії in on itself currently.

• Way "mudrostі" vinikaє, if fіlosofіya rozglyadaєtsya yak Mistetstvo Zhittya, poklikane dati zhittєvі Recipes for abo zasobi spasіnnya dushі. Ale stupiti on Tsei Way oznachaє vіdmovu od Vlasnyi subject fіlosofії, yaky Je ob'єktivnim instead sub'єktivnim. Thus the subject vistupaє іstina, tobto those scho Yea, Butt abo, yak yogo perezhivaєtsya us tsіlіsnostі in vsomu. Fіlosofske Znannya іsnuє not mudrostі (rіshennya Ret), not for tehnіki (rіshennya suchasnoї Єvropi). Fіlosofske Znannya samotsіnne, vono vstanovlyuє i opisuє those scho Yea naspravdі without fantazіy i domislіv; vono not propovіduє not otsіnyuє not viznachaє advance. Vono vimagaє іstini.