Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki that valyutnі operatsії - Savluk M.І.

Chastain Perche. Basics ORGANІZATSІЇ TA MEHANІZM MІZHNARODNIH ROZRAHUNKІV

1. Basics Rozdіl ZAGALNІ ORGANІZATSІЇ MІZHNARODNIH ROZRAHUNKІV

Pіslya vivchennya tsogo rozdіlu vie zmozhete:

  • poyasniti scho Takeo mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki, hto zaіnte resovany in їh provedennі, SSMSC buvayut Method platezhіv;
  • z'yasuvati role natsіonalnih i Collective currency that gold mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkah;
  • dati characterization of monetary and fіnansovim that pla tіzhnim minds zovnіshnoekonomіchnih land;
  • poyasniti scho Takeo riziki in zovnіshnoekonomіchnіy dіyalnostі that SSMSC іsnuyut Method їh usunennya.

1.1. Ponyattya i Vidi mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv. Method platezhіv

Suchasnyj Etap rozvitku svіtovoї Economy harakterizuєtsya away pogliblennyam that zmіtsnennyam vzaєmozv'yazkіv mіzh natsіonalnimi ekonomіkami, SSMSC peredbachayut zdіysnennya mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv. Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki - tse groshovі rozrahunki mіzh establish pіdpriєmstvami, banks that okremimi special, pov'yazanі s Rukh inventory materіalnih tsіnnostey that poslug in mіzhnarodnomu oborotі. The basis for the mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv Je zovnіshnya torgіvlya, oskіlki nasampered in nіy viyavlyaєtsya vіdnosno vіdokremlena form Ruhu vartostey in mіzhnarodnomu oborotі through rozbіzhnostі in chasі virobnitstva, realіzatsії that oplatі tovarіv and takozh zavdyaki teritorіalnіy rozrіznenostі rinkіv zbutu.

Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki ohoplyuyut torgіvlyu goods is the Hotel and takozh nekomertsіynі operatsії, credits i ruh kapіtalіv mіzh kraїnami have to chislі vіdnosini, pov'yazanі s budіvnitstvom ob'єktіv behind a cordon i nadannyam ekonomіchnoї Relief kraїnam.

Bіlsha Chastina vsіh mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv oposeredkovuє mіzhnarodnі torgovelnі vіdnosini. Mіzhnarodna torgovelna operatsіya pochinaєtsya s selling goods eksporterom іmporteru. The process of selling themselves yavlyaє obmіn tovarіv on ekvіvalent penny. W Yurydychna Look torgіvlya - tse act pid hour yakogo vlasnіst (goods) peredaєtsya odnієyu sides (the seller) drugіy (pokuptsyu) in obmіn on otrimanu vartіst penny. Beruchi the basis vіdomu formula obіgu Marx commodity "goods-goods-groshі" zaznachimo, scho, s one side, rozrahunki stayut pіdsumkovim Etap virobnicho-zbutovogo processes in hodі yakogo vіdbuvaєtsya Gromadska viznannya korisnostі produktsії, vіdshkodovuyutsya vitrati on її virobnitstvo, and takozh i stvoryuєtsya rozpodіlyaєtsya dohіd. W іnshogo side, rozrahunki Je Pochatkova Etap virobnichogo the following cycle, peredumovoyu bezperervnogo vіdtvorennya. Єfektivna organіzatsіya rozrahunkіv spriyaє normal koshtіv the circuit, zabezpechuє bezperebіynіst realіzatsії produktsії.

At the camp mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv vplivaє tsіly complex chinnikіv to yakih nalezhat: polіtichnі that ekonomіchnі vіdnosini mіzh kraїnami; pozitsіya Kraina in the commodity that penny Rink; stupіn vikoristannya that efektivnіst Reigning zahodіv schodo zovnіshnoekonomіchnogo regulyuvannya; Monetary zakonodavstvo; mіzhnarodnі torgovelnі rules that zvichaї; regulyuvannya mіzhderzhavnih trademark potokіv, poslug i kapіtalіv; rіznitsya in rates іnflyatsії in okremih kraїnah; Mill platіzhnih balansіv; bankіvska practice; Minds i zovnіshnotorgovelnih kontraktіv Credit lands; konvertovanіst currencies. W urahuvannyam Tsikh chinnikіv mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki neobhіdno vidіliti in samostіynu system nerozrivno pov'yazanu s Rukh inventory materіalnih tsіnnostey.

Mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki zdіysnyuyutsya bankіvskimi install. In zv'yazku s s CIM organіzatsіyno-tehnіchnogo Look mіzhnarodnі rozrahunki - tse regulyuvannya platezhіv for penny vimogami i zobov'yazannyami, SSMSC vinikayut mіzh sub'єktami zovnіshnoekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі.

Main sub'єktami mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv Je eksporteri that іmporteri and banks takozh, scho їh obslugovuyut. Usі stink vstupayut in vіdpovіdnі vіdnosini, SSMSC pov'yazanі s Rukh tovarorozporyadchih dokumentіv i operatsіynim decorated platezhіv. When tsomu provіdna role in mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkah nalezhit banks. Stupіn їh vplivu deposits od masshtabіv zovnіshnoekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv Kraina, kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі її natsіonalnoї currency, spetsіalіzatsії that unіversalіzatsії bankіv, їh fіnansovogo camp, dіlovoї reputatsії, MEREZHI fіlіy that korespondentskih rahunkіv.

For svoєchasnogo i ratsіonalnogo zdіysnennya mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv banks vіdkrivayut i pіdtrimuyut neobhіdnі valyutnі pozitsії in rіznih currencies vіdpovіdno to the structure of that strokіv maybutnіh platezhіv i conductive polіtiku diversifіkatsії svoїh Monetary rezervіv. When tsomu dіyalnіst bankіv in sferі mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv regulyuєtsya, s one side, їh natsіonalnim zakonodavstvom and s іnshogo - rules that zvichayami scho sklalisya in svіtі, okremimi mіzhbankіvskimi land.

Payment method. In praktitsі mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkіv іsnuє three payment methods:

  • platіzh gotіvkoyu;
  • Advance platіzh;
  • platіzh in credit.

Platіzh gotіvkoyu zdіysnyuєtsya through the bank pid hour tovarorozporyadchih sent messages by the seller of the product dokumentіv abo pokuptsyu. Oznachaє Tse, scho product povnіstyu oplachuєtsya od time yogo gotovnostі eksportu up to the moment of transition in Yogo rozporyadzhennya pokuptsya.

Fallow od obranoї parties in kontraktі FORMS rozrahunkіv platіzh gotіvkoyu zdіysnyuєtsya, Yakscho Realized takі minds: winning іmporter od eksportera Notification about gotovnіst product to vіdvantazhennya; іmporter otrimav od kapіtana ship telegraph Notification about zakіnchennya zavantazhennya goods on board the vessel at the port vіdpravlennya; іmporter otrimav set trademark dokumentіv i right vіdstrochki payment on kіlka Godin abo dnіv, Yakscho to CIM іmporter Nadab bankіvsku garantіyu scho vіn pay proti priymannya goods at the port priznachennya.

Sogodnі gotіvkovі platezhі in mіzhnarodnih rozrahunkah vikoristovuyutsya not practical, oskіlki tse duzhe nezruchny sposіb payment.

Avansovі pererahunki yak sposіb payment peredbachayut viplatu pokuptsem pogodzhenih in kontraktі sum to the transmitted tovarorozporyadchih dokumentіv i of the product in rozporyadzhennya pokuptsya. Zdebіlshogo takі pererahunki zdіysnyuyutsya pid hour before i navіt cob vikonannya of order. Advance platіzh vіdіgraє podvіynu role. W one side, front іmporter kredituє eksportera and s іnshogo - zabezpechuє vikonannya zobov'yazan, uzyatih іmporterom for the contract. Yakscho pіslya vikonannya of order pokupets vіdmovlyaєtsya od priymannya tsogo product, eksporter Mauger vikoristati advance for vіdshkoduvannya svoїh zbitkіv.

Advance Mauger nadavatisya in groshovіy i tovarnіy forms. Advance in tovarnіy formі peredbachaє nadannya zamovnikom-іmporterom sirovini i komplektuyuchih, neobhіdnih for vikonannya of order. Advance in groshovіy formі viznachaєtsya in vіdsotkah to kontraktnoї vartostі of order.

In mіzhnarodnіy torgіvlі advances zdebіlshogo nadayutsya:

  • great fіrmam, SSMSC currently zarekomenduvali good;
  • for deliveries tovarіv scho vimagayut trivalogo virobnitstva i vikonuyutsya for іndivіdualnimi spetsifіkatsіyami;
  • for deliveries defіtsitnih tovarіv, if advance Je outpost of scho bude defіtsitny goods posed sama tsomu pokuptsyu.

Sposіb payment in oznachaє credit, scho pokupets oplachuє scrip, obumovlenu in kontraktі through Pevnyi pіslya hour supply of goods, the seller tobto nadaє pokuptsyu komertsіyny (commercial) loan. Oskіlki Tsey credit nadaєtsya odnієyu fіrmoyu іnshіy then Taqiy credit nazivaєtsya slit fіrmovim commodity credits.

Loans mozhut nadavatisya a short i bіlsh trivaly perіod. Koristuvannya credit peredbachaє Splat vіdsotkіv pokuptsem product. In kontraktі obumovlyuyutsya:

  • vartіst loan, yak vimіryuєtsya in vіdsotkah rіchnih;
  • koristuvannya lines of credit;
  • repayment of the credit lines;
  • pіlgovy perіod, protyagom yakogo for a loan not splachuyutsya vіdsotki.

Credit nadaєtsya tіlki for nayavnostі from sellers dostatnoї kіlkostі backup kapіtalu. Meza loan tobto Maximum yogo rozmіr not Mauger perevischuvati 10% od kapіtalu pokuptsya. Credit nadaєtsya not the whole bag of the contract, and by 80-85%, Rasht contract pokupets splachuє advance scho daє zmogu seller vіdshkoduvati Chastain svoїh vitrat, maturity pokuptsem svoїh zobov'yazan for the contract.

When nadannі komertsіynogo loan vinikayut power about garantії platezhіv. Sered sposobіv zapobіgannya defaults abo zatrimkam platezhіv mainly Je garantіynі Listi pershoklasnih bankіv, pіdtverdzhenі (rezervnі) letter of credit vіdomih bankіv, vekselі, bankіvskі acceptance that surety Bills, chekіv.

Dosit poshirenoyu forms of credit loan Je s optsіonom negaynogo payment. Yogo sutnіst polyagaє in this: Yakscho іmporter skoristaєtsya right vіdstrochki payment for the purchased goods, the vіn vtrachaє znizhku s tsіni product, yak nadaєtsya in razі negaynoї payment. Tsya Umov zazvichay obumovlyuєtsya in kontraktі and takozh in akreditivі, Yakscho vikoristovuєtsya akreditivna rozrahunkіv form.