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In єvropeyskomu Dobie Baroque painting digit rozvitku dosyagayut pobutovy genre, landscape, still life, portrait. Novі way vimagali novі Method The image is real ob'єktіv through movu i company profile scenic happening. On materіalі zhanrіv realnoї dіysnostі rozvivaєtsya pozamіfologіchna kontseptsіya svitu paintings. Mіfologіchna picture svitu on osnovі hristiyanskoї (Rembrandt) i antichnoї traditsіy (Poussin) at spіvіsnuyut rіvnovazі s pozamіfologіchnoyu kontseptsієyu scho printsipovo vіdrіznyaє XVII century. od XVIII century., i XIX century., if mіfologemi conceded Location realnoї dіysnostі images.

Vidatnimi predstavnikami Baroque in painting boule іtalієts Mіkelandzhelo Caravaggio (1573-1610) i Dutchman Pіter Powell Rubens (1577-1640). On the cob stolіttya stink obidva pratsyuvali in Rimі. Young artist Pichet still lifes, portraits, syuzhetnі paintings ( "ailing Bacchus", "Hlopchik scho clean pear", "Seller fruktіv").

Postupovo Caravaggio tyazhіє to monumental tvorіv. Naprikіntsі 90 rokіv artist writing takі monumentalnі robots yak "Abraham's Sacrifice", "Marija Magdalena kaєtsya", "Vіdpochinok on dorozі in Єgipet". HEAD vimogoyu Caravaggio was zvernennya to realnoї dіysnostі: prostoї Helsinki Human, personazhіv type kartyarіv, shulerіv, vorozhok toscho. In tsiklі paintings prisvyachenih dіyannyam apostolіv, Caravaggio zobrazhuє їh prostakuvatimi, folk types zmorshkuvatimi, nezgrabnimi. For єvangelskimi opovіdyami, the apostle boule ordinary people ribalka. Vіn-loving mustache spravzhnє, unvarnished, tіlesne, mіtsne. Yogo geroї zhittєvo dostovіrnі: All related to svyatі often remіsnikіv, villagers. Zobrazhayuchi Tsikh people mitets poklal cob gliboko realіstichnomu pobutovomu painting ( "Lyutnyar", "Gravtsі"). Caravaggio Perche at єvropeyskomu mistetstvі Pocha pisati stankovі still lifes.

Pіter Rubens Powell - flamandsky great painter, colorist nepereversheny i risuvalnik, head of the School of Painting in flamandskoї stilі Baroque. Vіn same arhіtektor, vidatny kolektsіoner, znavets numіzmatiki, Reigning dіyach i diplomat.

Pochatkova hudozhnyu osvіtu Rubens otrimav in zhivopistsіv mіstsevogo values. In 1600 r. Rubens їde in Іtalіyu vdoskonalyuvati his hudozhnyu osvіtu. Zupinyaєtsya at Duke dvorі Mantuanskogo Vіnchentso Gonzanga of I, de spochatku kopіyuє paintings of great maystrіv. W 1605 r. Rubens navchaєtsya in Rimі up to 1,608 p. Voseni 1608 p. vіn otrimuє s home plate - vazhko ailing mother. Pospіhom zalishaє Іtalіyu i, yak zyasuvalosya, nazavzhdi.

Vіsіm rokіv, conducted by Rubens in Іtalії not tіlki viznachili yogo brushwork, ale th brought Yomou uspіh i viznannya, zakrіpili vіru vlasnі in Sealy. Pong boule perіodom formuvannya yogo Mistetstvo. Meister namagavsya ob'єdnati rіznі school, antichnі yak, so i suchasnі, i on this sintezі tvoriti svoє, Vlasnyi hudozhnє Buchan.

Yogo duzhe painting are characteristic of the Baroque, ale Got svoї natsіonalnі osoblivostі: nasampered, domіnuvannya pochuttya over bezpristrasnіstyu, tsіlkovita vіdstoronenіst od mіstiki, fіzichna force pochuttєvіst, zahoplennya nature ( "The Duke of Lerma to konі" (іl.12), "Delivered Chrestus" is the "Znyattya Chrestus", "Perseus that Andromeda", "Poklonіnnya volhvіv" toscho). Usі kompozitsії Niby in rusі. Navіt antichnі plot mitets vibiraem dinamіchnі.

Rubens CCB ulyubleny scientists - Antonіs Van Dyck (1599-1641). Narodivsya in bagatіy kupetskіy sіm'ї. Antonіs otrimav well osvіtu, Krіm flamandskoї MTIE vіn volodіv іspanskoyu, frantsuzkoyu, іtalіyskoyu, anglіyskoyu, znav іstorіyu, teologіyu i svіtovu culture. In vіtsі 19 rokіv yunak staє samostіynim Maistre.

W 1621 r. Van Dyck podorozhuє on Іtalії (Rimі, Neapolі, Turinі, Palermo, Florentsії, Venetsії, Genuї) up to 1627 p., De zavoyuvav nespodіvany uspіh yak portraitist, Especially in Genuї, Sereda genuezkoї aristokratії. In the portraits of the artist's self-portraits that pіdkreslyuvav aristocracy, tendіtnіst, vishukanіst, vitonchenіst forms. Je Pong psihologіchno viraznimi i vodnochase decorative nasichenimi. Svoїh geroїv vіn pokazuє at Bhagat іnterєrah, efektnih poses yaskravomu that Bhagat vbrannі.

Van Dijk turning on batkіvschinu vzhe celebrities. Wrote velikі paintings on mіfologіchnі i relіgіynі those ale stink zanadto teatralnі i postupayutsya portraits.

Ostannє desyatirіchchya vіn alive Anglії, Charles de Yomou podaruvav the I title of head korolіvskogo painters, giving ritsarske titles. On vіddyaku Van Dyke target gallery Ceremonial portretіv anglіyskoї pridvornoї aristokratії 35 portretіv Charles I, Queen of i 20 portretіv їhnіh dіtey Portrait chlenіv that court. Rocky provedenі artist in Anglії, boules napovnenі velicheznoyu Prace. For Tsei hour vіn writing blizko 400 paintings.

Prodovzhuvachem flamandskoї zhivopisnoї school CCB Jacob Jordaens (1593-1678). Vіdomy narodivsya the great painter byurgerzkіy sіm'ї in Antverpenі. Hudozhnyu osvіtu zdobuvav in mіstsevogo painter Adam van Noort, vіdomogo in the main tim, scho LUVs teacher Rubens.

Pershi Kartini Jordaens vіdobrazhali Zhittya real svitu. Navіt in relіgіynih subjects artist zobrazhuvav pravdivі zhittєvі situatsії i personazhі ( "Holy Ann sіmeystvo s", "Saint sіmeystvo", "Holy s sіmeystvo shepherds", "Vier Єvangelіsti", "flow into Єgipet").

Jordaens write the great Quantity of order on portretіv flamandskih byurgerіv and takozh sіmeynі ( "Portrait ceti Zurpel", "Sіmeyny portrait"). Yogo create - vtіlennya flamandskogo zhittєlyubstva. Sered bagatochiselnih tvorіv kіntsya 40th pp. ( "Prodigal Blues," "St. Paul in Lіstrі", "Dіogen shukaє Lyudin") - ostannіy bedrooms samobutnogo talent zhittєlyubnogo Fleming.

In 1652 r. Jordaens vikonav grandіozny cycle of monumental and decorative robіt widow in the castle of Prince Oranskogo, Amalії Holmes. Velichezna alegorichna kompozitsіya (8,5h8,2m) "Trіumf Prince Frederіka Hendrіka Nassauskogo" vrazhaє kіlkіstyu personazhіv i premetіv.

Vіdomim flamandskim painter vidatnim Maistrov still life, anіmalіstom CCB Frans Snyders (1579-1657). H yogo іmenem zv'yazany one іz yaskravih perіodіv flamandskogo still life. Bіlshіst tvorіv artist umovno mozhna nazvati still lifes, oskіlki stink odnochasno Je pictures i pobutovimi anіmatsіynogo genre scenes. Snyders - innovator of still life. Vіn reviving Tsei genre ennobling story.

Maysternіst in peredachі rozmaїttya zhivoї Nature, pristrasnіst ospіvuvannі in the Earth's bounty, zhittєradіsnіst constitute robots Frans Snyders in one row z naykraschimi creates vidatnih flamandskih zhivopistsіv.

Nove in genre painting make Vermeєr Yang (1632-1675), in vіdomy іstorії Mistetstvo yak Vermeєr Delftsky. Masterpieces Vermeєra pishayutsya naykraschі kolektsії svіtovogo painting. And about the author, yaky alive in tsentrі Єvropi, vіdomo mayzhe not zbereglosya. Zavdyaki arhіvnim i church documents ustanovlenі okremі Fakti s yogo Zhittya. Naskіlki little vіdomostey about tvorchіst, nastіlki great is the glory of the golden s naybіlshih predstavnikіv perіodu gollandskogo painting.

Artist svoєyu tvorchіstyu glorified Ridne Misto. Vermeєr s Natura malyuvav VD Amsterdam, wrote sketches pobutovі s Zhittya "thrush", "Lyutnistka", "Lesson Musicians", "Concert", "i Ofіtser usmіhnena dіvchina". Before Perche perіodu tvorchostі nalezhit "Christ in domі Martí i Marії", "Dіana s nіmfami" SSMSC zobrazhenі in viglyadі obrazіv svoїh suchasnikіv. Masterpiece yogo zalishaєtsya "View of Delft" bezmezhna vіddanіst in lyubovі to Svoge Mista. Mitets umіv stvoriti іlyuzіyu rozchinennya predmetіv in svіtlopovіtryanomu seredovischі scho yogo th viznachilo fame in the XIX century.

Vershina gollandskogo Mistetstvo XVII century. tvorchіst became Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1606-1669). Hudozhnomu craft spochatku navchavsya in mіstsevogo leydenskogo painter Jacob Svanenbryuha (Svanenburha) and prodovzhiv navchannya Amsterdamі in the famous painters Pіtera Lastman.

In 1625 r. Rembrandt povertaєtsya rіdny in Leiden, dev'yatnadtsyatilіtnіy yunak staє Square artist. Together Zi svoїm countryman Jan Lіvensom vіdkrivaє Maisternia, nabiraє uchnіv, otrimuє of order. Cutaneous robot young artist leydenskogo perіodu without perebіlshennya mozhna nazvati masterpiece. Tse paintings - "Pobittya St. Stephen", "Parable about nerozumnogo Bagach", "Christ in Emmausі", "Crying in Ієremії zruynovanomu Єrusalimі", "Portrait of a mother", "Іuda tridtsyat srіblyakіv povertaє", "Valaamska the asses."

In Amsterdam Rembrandt povertaєtsya pіslya smertі dad, in 1631 b. At the time stolyci vіn s svoїm novim other Hendrіkom van Eylenbyurhom zasnovuє akademіyu so the title of the painting, restavratsії i torgіvlі paintings. In Pershi Rocky amsterdamskogo Zhittya artist pratsyuє perevazhno Yak portrait. Sered desyatkіv portretіv writing painter s 1631 to 1635 pp., Naybіlsh tsіkavimi Je "Portrait burgrave", "Portrait of the ship Maistrov i yogo squads", "Portrait Martіna Give", "Portrait of Martin Soolmansa", "Portrait of the artist Jacques de Gein". Everywhere okrіm peredachі іdealnoї skhozhostі, Rembrandt znahodit yaskravu sotsіalnu characteristic portretovanih.

Vershina portrait Mistetstvo Mitzi staє painting "Lesson anatomії lіkarya Tulp", written in korporatsії hіrurgіv of order. Yogo Kartini schaslivogo perіodu Zhittya - Kohannya to yunoї squad (romantichnі Portrait Saskії is the self-portrait in rozkіshnomu vbrannі "Self s Saskієyu on kolіnah", "Portrait of the squad in the 21 Year 'writing on tretіy day pіslya Wedding Music, s syayuchimi oblichchyami, s radіstyu Butt) - napisanі in stilі Baroque.

Banner fabric artist "Danae", writing in 1636 p. i perepisane him pіslya smertі Saskії 1645 p. viklikalo Velika Quantity superechok. Bagato spetsіalіstіv repeating scho nomu The images on the plot is not vіdpovіdaє mіfu about the daughter of the king argosskogo Akrіsіya to yakoї in viglyadі golden doschu pronikaє Zeus, the Yogo Aje image to kartinі vіdsutnіy.

Tvorchіst another perіodu - perіod visokoї maysternostі artist. We creates tsogo hour vіn zobrazhuє povsyakdenne Zhittya s usіma yogo belongs. In subjects taken іz Holy Letters, zmalyuvav zvichayny pobut, ordinary people gliboko rozkrivayuchi їh psihologіchny mill ( "Holy sіmeystvo", "Sacrifice of Abraham", "Benket Belshazzar," "Samson Oslіplennya fіlіstimlyanami").

Ostannіy perіod in zhittі Rembrandt folding CCB i navіt tragіchnim, Ale tse's time yogo shedevrіv. Way Tsikh rokіv monumentalnі i velichnі, gliboko fіlosofskі i Visoko poetichnі ( "Landscape s ruїnami to Hori", "Landscape s Mlyn", "Zrechennya Apostle Peter", "Aman Assyrian i Esfіr", "Єvangelіst Matfіy", "Apostle Varfolomіy" "Portrait Ієremії Decker", "Єvreyska baptized"). HEAD virazhalnimi zasobami to Mitzi CCB kolіr i Svitlo. Kompozitsіya picturesque robіt buduvalasya on rіvnovazі kolorovih din. The novelty of paintings by Rembrandt in polyagala realіstichnomu zobrazhennі people s rіznih prosharkіv suspіlstva in glibokomu vіdobrazhennі їh vnutrіshnogo spiritual svitu.

Grafіchna spadschina Rembrandt not Mensch znachuscha, nіzh picturesque. Tse in the main bіblіynі that єvangelskі plot, ale malyunki often zhanrovі. Etching spovnenі fіlosofskogo zmіstu, stink prisvyachenі taєmnitsyam Butt, tragіzmu lyudskoї dolі. They often sounds spіvchuttya znedolenim ( "Slіpy Tovіt", "Znyattya s Chrestus" "Poklonіnnya pastuhіv" that іn.). Yak etcher Rembrandt not Got sobі rіvnih in svіtovomu mistetstvі.

CREATIVE spadschina becoming Ponad 600 paintings, 300 ofortіv i blizko 2000 risunkіv. Rembrandt zalishiv blizko 100 avtoportretіv, vikonanih in rіznih tehnіkah.

Rembrandt vvazhaєtsya Vershina gollandskogo realіzmu. Express Yourself Rembrandt for zmіstom, spovnenі vnutrіshnogo drama i fіlosofskih uzagalnen, emotsіynі for flavor. Rembrandt - Portrait Herr grupovogo. Painted on bіblіynі that those mіfologіchnі

Korіnnya іspanskoї duhovnoї culture "golden vіku" syagaє in Epoch Dobie rekonkіsti - natsіonalno-vizvolnoї Borotba іspantsіv s Arabs. Sche on zori serednovіchchya uves Pіreneysky pіvostrіv CCB zavoyovany Arabs. Korіnnі іspantsі could not protistoyati zavoyovnikam. Little klaptik zemlі in the mountains pіvnochі Pіreneїv - єdiny scho zadishivsya in Article VIII. nezavoyovanim, samostіynim becoming Cetra upertoї, stіykoї, yak sider Ponad sіm stolіt, rekonkіsti, tobto zvorotnogo vіdvoyuvannya Іspanії in mavrіv (so nazivali arabіv). Ruhayuchis s pіvnochі on Pivden, osvoєnnya teritorії zrostali, i, nareshtі, zalishilas Stop citadel arabіv - Granadsky halіfat, yak TER fell in kіntsі XV century.

So rank, UNL serednovіchna Istoria Іspanії, all becoming tsієї natsії held in postіynіy borotbі proti іga chuzhozemtsіv. People, yaky proynyavsya usvіdomlennyam svoєї gіdnostі i svoєї znachuschostі in tsentrі uwagi small perebuvati Lyudin - real i vodnochase geroїzovana.

Ob'єdnannya Kraina yak completion rekonkіsti steel naprikіntsі XV century. W cob XVI Art. Іspanіya - naymogutnіsha Power Єvropi, and drugіy polovinі XVI Art. - Outpost zagalnoєvropeyskogo kontrreformatsіynogo Ruhu. In samіy kraїnі lyutuvala іnkvіzitsіya, yak mended strashennі zhorstokostі. Such was bula Іspanіya in perіod "golden vіku". Of I at tsomu - zlet natsіonalnogo hudozhnogo genіya naprikіntsі XVI - pershoї half XVII Art is not Buchan ranіshe i nadalі not experienced іspanskoyu culture..

The founder of the "golden stolіttya" іspanskogo painting vvazhayut Domenіko Teotokopulі (Domenіkos Theotokopoulos) yakogo called El Greco (CCB gretskogo pohodzhennya) (1541-1614). napisanі "Oplakuvannya Christ", "Blagovіschennya", "Portrait Vіnchentso s Anastagi". Vіn malyuє relіgіynі story ( "Molіnnya about the cup," "Trіytsya", "Voskresіnnya Christ", "Voznesіnnya Marії", "Saint sіmeystvo") naychastіshe vіvtarnі way, rіdshe antichnі ( "Laocoon"), Vidi Toledo, bagato portretіv.

The following predstavnikom іspanskogo painting that a h naykraschih ofortistіv Єvropi Epoch Baroque CCB іspanets Husepe de Rіbera (1591-1652).

In Neapolі zaymaєtsya grafіkoyu i zdobuvaє viznannya Yak-grafіka artist ( "Oplakuvannya", "Roz'pyattya Apostle Peter", "Cholovіcha pov'yazkoyu s head", "Holy Ієronіm for subtraction"). In ekspresivnomu stilі napisanі kompozitsії, SSMSC origіnalno іnterpretuyut karavadzhistskі Principles ( "P'yany Sіlen"), i create, in yakih svіtlі kolorovі Tony pokladenі wide ploschinami, nagaduyut about vpliv venetsіanskih maystrіv. In yogo stilі poyavlyayutsya m'yakіst i oduhotvorenіst baroque character zavdyaki vplivu i Rubens Van Dyck. In 1637 r. stvorenі "Apollon Marsіy i", "Saint trіytsya" іz serії paintings of order Monastir San Martіno - odne s naykraschih yogo tvorіn. Tsіkava yogo gallery fіlosofіv that apostolіv "Fіlosof", "Dіogen", "Demokrіt" yaky smієtsya s "s Fіlosofa dzerkalom" - The images from Socrates nespodіvanomu rakursі, yogo Socrates SOCA neprivablivu zovnіshnіst, spovnena velichі, znachuschostі i Sealy.

Suchasnikom Rіberi CCB painter, one іz nayyaskravіshih predstavnikіv sevіlskoї School, Master of monumental kompozitsіy - Fransіsko Zurbarán (1598-1664). Hudozhnyu osvіtu Zurbaran otrimav in malovіdomogo artist Pedro Vіlyanueva in Sevіlї. Tenacious in Sevіlї, Zurbaran paintings on Pichet bagato of order domіnіkanskogo Monastir San Pablo El Real. Maisternia zumіv send out to the gliboke i vodnochase NKVD, spiritually napruzhene relіgіyne pochuttya, and Yogo way vіdrіznyaє suvorіst i deyaka arhaїchnіst, ob'єmi vidіlenі strong contrast svіtlotіnі "Narodzhennya Bogomaterі," "Christ-lad", "Immaculate zachattya", "Saint Casilda" . Tsі stilіstichnі RISS harakternі i for natyurmortіv.

Nayvidatnіshim predstavnikom іspanskogo painting "golden stolіttya" CCB Dієgo Rodrіges Sіlva de Velázquez (1599-1660). In 1622 r. Velasquez pereїzhdzhaє to Madrid. Znayomitsya galereєyu s paintings, on the hour odnієї s naybagatshih in Єvropі, kopіyuє robots Leonardo da Vіnchі, Veronese, Raphael, Rubens, Titsіana. Expert i tsіnitel Mistetstvo Fіlіpp IV naming sevіlskogo beautiful portrait of the artist i Vislova Bazhannya pozuvati Yomou. Velasquez forty rokіv served as a court painter at Fіlіppі IV. Ale tse not Zabad Yomou Iti CREATIVE Shlyakhov in mistetstvі. Kompozitsіyno-novatorskoyu bula yogo painting "zdachi Brady" prisvyachena peremozhnіy podії in bezslavnіy for іspantsіv vіynі s Dutchman: peremozhtsі i peremozhenі podanі adequately on rіvnih.

Relіgіynі plot Perche rokіv tvorchostі zmіnyuyut portrait.

Velaskesovі Portrait (Fіlіppa IV "La Fraga" Yogo dіtey Count Olіvaresa that іnshih courtiers) spovnenі gіdnostі i spriymayutsya ambiguous. Pronizlivy Poglyad portretovanogo Papi Іnokentіya X svіtlih cold eyes, virazu gubіv, vkazuyut on zhorstkіst, i muzhnіst strong nature. Suchasniki asserted scho, pobachivshi svіy portrait, dad saying, "Nadto true!" At zmіnu portrait-іdealu Epoch Renaissance Baroque visuvaє portrait in Helsinki Human vsіy її skladnostі.

Odnochasno s portraits of the artist pridvornoї znatі target serіyu peyzazhіv ( "Alley korolіvskomu in the Garden", "The Fountain in korolіvskomu garden").

Tvorchostі Velasquez pritamanna yaskravo Virage svіtska spryamovanіst. Vіn vvazhaєtsya one s tvortsіv genre portraiture. The images that yogo monumentalnі lakonіchnі, spovnenі baroque psihologіzmu. Vіdomimi creates Velasquez Je 's dzerkalom Venus "," Menіni "(freylіni). Odnієyu s ostannіh robіt Velázquez was painting "Pryalі" (1657) - one s Persha robіt, prisvyachnih zhіnkam-trudіvnitsyam.

Zavershuє perіod "golden vіku" drugіy polovinі in the XVII century. one s nayvidatnіshih hudozhnikіv Murіlo Bartolomeo Esteban (1618-1682), Master relіgіynogo that genre painting. 1640 p. Murіlo on p'yat rokіv vіdpravlyaєtsya in Madrid. Там доля звела його з великим Веласкесом, який допоміг молодому художникові отримати дозвіл на копіювання у королівських палацах полотен Тиціана, Рубенса, Ван Дейка.

У 1645 р. художник виконав перше важливе замовлення – серію картин для дворика монастиря Сан Франциско в Севільї. У севільській школі панував реалістичний стиль, зв'язаний з творчістю Сурбарана, у якого Мурільо запозичив інтерес до сильних світлових контрастів і скульптурно чіткої передачі об'ємів «Мадонна дель Росаріо». У творах наступних років, наприклад, «Різдво Богородиці», світло і тіні передані м'яко, гнучко, явно під впливом Ван Дейка.

Для вільного продажу ним були написані різні варіанти мадонн – «Мадонна з немовлям», «Мадонна з немовлям і хлопчиком Іоанном», «Мадонна з яблуком».

Взагалі ХVІІ ст. увійшло в історію як «золоте століття» живопису. Видатні майстри живопису, які працювали у цей період, втілили в своїй творчості нові пошуки.