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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Bєlyaєv OO

§ 2. Mіzhnarodny podіl pratsі - materіalna basis svіtovogo Gospodarstwa

Іstorichno vihіdnoyu the basis that funktsіonuvannya rozvitku svіtovogo Gospodarstwa Je mіzhnarodny podіl pratsі. Vsebіchne pogliblennya ostannogo - tse that ekonomіchny foundation on Money Does ґruntuєtsya whole system svіtogospodarskih zv'yazkіv.

Mіzhnarodny podіl pratsі: sutnіst, forms to manifest that rozvitku

Usі Kraina tієyu chi іnshoyu mіroyu vklyuchenі to mіzhnarodnogo podіlu pratsі. Yogo pogliblennya vіdpovіdno to rozvitku productive forces Je ob'єktivnim processes, yaky іntensifіkuє mіzhnarodnі zv'yazki mіzh kraїnami Square od rіvnya їh rozvitku i sotsіalnoї orієntatsії.

Mіzhnarodny podіl pratsі (WFP) - spetsіalіzatsіya kraїn (їh gospodaryuyuchih sub'єktіv) on virobnitstvі Pevnyi produktіv i poslug s metoyu їh zbutu for mezhami natsіonalnogo market analysis, in tobto іnshih kraїnah. Tse yak already zaznachalosya, vischy stupіn rozvitku suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі scho vihodit for natsіonalnі frame okremih powers.

WFP - foldable, bagatorіvneva system mіzhnarodnoї spetsіalіzatsії scho postіyno rozvivaєtsya i napovnyuєtsya novim zmіstom on skin etapі suspіlnogo rozvitku. Zvorotnoyu the side of tsієї spetsіalіzatsії Je mіzhnarodne kooperuvannya. Pogliblennya Tsikh protsesіv zreshtoyu generally produces up zrostannya suspіlnoї produktivnostі pratsі that ekonomії robochem hour.

Before mashinnoї stadії rozvitku natsіonalnih ekonomіk WFP bazuvalos on svoїy prirodnіy osnovі - vіdmіnnostyah from natural klіmatichnih minds Kraina, її geografіchnomu polozhennі, resources that energetichnih Jerel toscho. Pochinayuchi s mashinnoї stadії zalezhnіst spetsіalіzatsії kooperuvannya i od prirodnoї Basics of uniquely zmenshuєtsya. For іndustrіalnoї stadії rozvitku characterized zalezhnіst spetsіalіzatsії od nayavnogo Vlasnyi tehnologіchnogo factor. Practical h tsієї stadії rozvitku for znachnoї kіlkostі kraїn pochinaєtsya processes postupovogo peremіschennya center crowbars svіtogospodarskih zv'yazkіv Zi spherical obіgu (torgіvlі) in the sphere of virobnitstva, scho, in its Cherga, zumovlyuє іntensifіkatsіyu that zrostannya obsyagіv torgovelnih zv'yazkіv.

Ninі mayzhe nemozhlivo Know Velika Galuzo natsіonalnogo virobnitstva, yak would not stale od mіzhnarodnih virobnitstva minds. Scope of WFP bezposeredno ohoplyuє OAO All strukturnі skladovі suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі: mіzhgaluzevy - promislovіst, sіlske Gospodarstwa, budіvnitstvo; chastkovy - mіzh virobnitstvami Tsikh Galuzo; odinichny - Subject, exploded, tehnologіchna mіzhnarodna spetsіalіzatsіya that kooperuvannya. Podіl pratsі on mіzhnatsіonalnomu rіvnі pogliblyuєtsya i znahodit bіlshu perspektivnіst, nіzh useredinі okremoї Kraina. Teritorіalno i funktsіonalno such spetsіalіzatsіya proyavlyaєtsya on rіvnі okremih kraїn, їh group regіonіv svitu abo scho svіdchit in tsіlomu away about processes globalіzatsії Sistemi virobnitstv and vіdpovіdno i ekonomіchnih mіzhnarodnih zv'yazkіv.

Yakіsnі glibokі zmіni in rozvitku MPP for steel ostannі two desyatirіchchya. Pong zumovlenі novim Etap STR. Їh zagalny zmіst mozhna zvesti to such novih protsesіv at WFP:

• prіoritetnogo values ​​Nabeul spetsіalіzatsіya i kooperuvannya virobnitstva naukomіstkoї produktsії, progresivnі tehnologії, novі Vidi virobnichih (oblagorodzhenih) materіalіv. Napriklad, the United States on the cob 90 rokіv to 40% virobіv usієї obrobnoї promislovostі vigotovlyalos in sferі naukomіstkih Galuzo;
• fundamentalnі zmіni vіdbulisya WFP have rezultatі vsebіchnogo rozvitku processes spetsіalіzatsії in sferі NAUKOVO-tehnіchnih knowledge that Informácie - appeared avtomatizovanih systems її obrobki, zberіgannya i peredachі scho zumovleno rozvitkom mіkroprotsesornih, Electro, Komp'yuterniy tehnologіy (s zgіdno mіzhnarodnimi ekspertnimi otsіnkami, mіstkіst svіtovogo ... market analysis іnformatsіynih tehnologіy i poslug to 2012 p zroste to 8 trillion dollars, in 1998 tsya figure becomes 800 billion dollars).;
• іstotnu role in pogliblennі WFP vіdіgraє i processes іnternatsіonalіzatsії spherical poslug that svіtovoї іnfrastrukturi, progresivnі zmіni yak in її traditsіynih Elements (napriklad, rіznih types of transport), so i have trammel Suchasnyj іnformatsіynih komunіkatsіy.

Zrozumіlo scho OAO All tsі vіdbuvayutsya processes for minds zhorstkoї konkurentnoї Borotba mіzh usіma sub'єktami svіtovogo Gospodarstwa.

The principle of absolute i porіvnyalnih perevag

Theoreticity obґruntuvannyam Vigoda WFP Je teorіya porіvnyalnih perevag. Її Basics of boule slit zakladenі Smіtom A. i D. Rіkardo. Thus, A. Smіt pid hour polemіki s merkantilіstami for otsіnki efektivnostі WFP sformulyuvav principle of absolute vitrat. Vіn viznachiv Tsey Nadzvychaina sytuatsia principle is simple: the basic rules of skin rozsudlivogo gospodaryuyuchogo sub'єkta - nіkoli not Robie sprobu vigotoviti to those scho deshevshe buy.

A. Smіt showing scho Kraina zaіnteresovanі in vіlnomu rozvitku mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі, oskіlki stink mozhut vigrati Square od of vistupayut stink chi eksporterami іmporterami. Whether yak Krajina volodіє absolutely perevagami, if Je Taqiy product yakogo on odinitsyu cost Won Mauger viroblyati bіlshe, nіzh INSHI Kraina. Napriklad, umovno vіzmemo Dvi Kraina ( «X» i «Y»), SSMSC vigotovlyayut two commodities - grain i Zukor. Nekhay Krajina «X» on odinitsyu costs viroblyaє 4 tons of grain abo tsukru 2 t, chi-yak whether іnshu kombіnatsіyu obsyagіv produktіv in zaznachenih furrows. Well Kraїn and «Y» of analogіchnih vitrat viroblyaє 2 tons of grain abo tsukru 4 t, chi іnshu kombіnatsіyu zgіdno s viznachenimi parameters. In Nashomu prikladі Krajina «X» volodіє absolutely perevagami Grains and Krajina «Y» - for tsukru. Tsі perevagi mozhut zumovlenі Buti yak natural factors (klіmatichnimi minds nayavnіstyu vіdpovіdnih korisnih Kopalin toscho), so i Nabutov (obumovlenimi rozvitkom tehnologії, pіdvischennyam kvalіfіkatsії pratsіvnikіv i t. N.).

In the minds, if zovnіshnya torgіvlya vіdsutnya, cutaneous Krajina spozhivati ​​Mauger deprivation Ti Flea i stіlki, skіlki Won vigotovlyaє. Vіdnosnі tsіni Tsikh tovarіv on vnutrіshnomu Rinku viznachayutsya vіdnosnimi vitratami on їh virobnitstvo. In Nashomu prikladі stink stanovitimut: 1 ton = 0.5 tons of grain for tsukru Kraina «X» i 1 t = 2 t of grain in tsukru kraїnі «Y». So rank, virobnik grain in pershіy kraїnі ( «X») for yogo realіzatsії vnutrіshnomu on market analysis in obmіn otrimaє tsukru 0.5 tons, and grain drugіy kraїnі koshtuvatime 4 Razi dorozhche (2 m tsukru). When vstanovlennі torgovelnih vіdnosin mіzh them eg potokіv vіdpovіdnih tovarіv viznachatimutsya rіznitseyu in spіvvіdnoshennі vitrat virobnitstva. So, pershіy kraїnі bude vigіdno eksportuvati grain that іmportuvati Zukor and drugіy - eksportuvati Zukor that іmportuvati grain.

Dwellers torgіvlya Bula vzaєmovigіdnoyu, Cena yakogo nebudu product on the market analysis zovnіshnomu guilty Buti vischoyu, nіzh vnutrіshnya Cena rіvnovagi on the samy goods from kraїnі-eksporterі, i nizhchoyu, nіzh in kraїnі-іmporterі.

Harakterizuyuchi principle of absolute perevag, slіd zauvazhiti scho vіn - deprivation chastkovy vipadok іz zagalnogo rules. On tse vkazav slit D. Rіkardo, obґruntuvavshi principle porіvnyalnih perevag. Rіkardo dovіv scho Kraina povinnі viroblyati th eksportuvati goods, bypassing SSMSC їm vіdnosno s Mensch vitratami, that іmportuvati Ti, virobnitstvo yakih behind a cordon Je porіvnyano deshevshe (s point Zora vitrat) nіzh useredinі Kraina.

In navchalnіy lіteraturі logіku dії tsogo principle often іlyustruyut with such a real Suchasnyj situatsієyu: US zabezpechuє blizko 2/3 svіtovogo virobnitstva Kukurudza and tse - the main type of population hlіbnih produktіv latinoamerikanskih kraїn. In bіlshostі ostannіh - dosit spriyatlivі minds for tvarinnitstva i viroschuvannya kavovih trees (kavi). Identity, USA eksportuyut in Latinsku America Kukurudza that іmportuyut zvіdti m'yaso i kava. Oskіlki vitrati on virobnitstvo Kukurudza in the US in naynizhchі svіtі, yak i in latinoamerikanskih kraїnah vitrati on m'yaso (Argentina, Uruguay) is the kava (Brazilіya, Nіkaragua that іn.), The third-party obidvі znizhuyut zagalnі vitrati on tsі product (Kukurudza, m 'SDL, kava) at zadovolennі svoїh suspіlnih required. Vigrash od such podіlu pratsі that spetsіalіzatsії in danomu razі obvious. Vіn dorіvnyuє rіznitsі mіzh natsіonalnimi vitratami (SSMSC in rezultatі spetsіalіzatsії uniquely nizhchі od serednosvіtovih) on virobnitstvo konkretnoї produktsії i svіtovimi tsіnami. Abstract principle porіvnyalnih perevag "speak": Key infrastructure sukupny obsyag produktsії bude naybіlshim todі, if cutaneous goods vigotovlyatimetsya there (quiet kraїnah) de nizhchі vitrati on yogo virobnitstvo. Potrіbno chіtko zrozumіti, spetsіalіzatsіya scho, yak bazuєtsya on such porіvnyalnih perevagah, mіtsnіshe whether yakih lantsyugіv (navіt "kaydanіv" Gіmeneya - god sіm'ї) "skovuє" svіtovu ekonomіku in єdine structural tsіle.

Bazuyuchis on printsipі porіvnyalnih vitrat, svіtova ekonomіka dosyagla (i Mauger slit dosyagti) efektivnіshogo rozmіschennya that vikoristannya virobnichih resursіv, vischogo rіvnya materіalnogo blagopoluchchya at scho vkazuyut in svoїh Prace, napriklad, K. McConnell i S. Bru. Together s note, vvazhayut stench tse stimulyuє konkurentsіyu i obmezhuє monopolії. Theoreticity all Niby so, while realnіy praktitsі often, yak seem, all navpaki.

Napriklad, hіba mozhut article on "Prue" * 2 in vzaєmnih ekonomіchnih vіdnosinah zgіdno s principle porіvnyalnih perevag bіlshіst kraїn Africa Azії i postsotsіalіstichnih kraїn s perehіdnoyu ekonomіkoyu vodnochase іz US abo іnshimi rozvinutimi powers svitu? Mіzhnarodna practice svіdchit: ni, shaping can not, Hoca tsogo principle about perevagi mi chitaєmo in S. Brue that K. McConnell. And scho given Vilna torgіvlya (vіdkrita ekonomіka) ukraїnskіy avtomobіlnіy promislovostі chi sіlskogospodarskіy the Branch, de potentsіyno (Especially in ostannіy) our Krajina could b vikoristati vіdpovіdnі perevagi? Vіdpovіd obvious - ekonomіchne їh strangled abo Povny rozval.

* 2: {Vislіv I. Frank: "Not to us at Prue with You Why ..."}

Right in the fact scho principle porіvnyalnih perevag ekonomіchno dotsіlny, Yakscho Kraina blizkі for rіvnem ekonomіchnogo rozvitku that structure Economy. Tom dosit sumnіvno, dwellers suchasnі Kraina-monopolіsti gave "green vulitsyu" for rozvitku nashoї avtomobіlnoї, sіlskogospodarskoї chi іnshoї the Branch. Figuratively about qiu situatsіyu patoises slit Marx: "Cutaneous Sklar mrіє about schodenny hail."

Odnochasno nagolosimo scho teorіya porіvnyalnih perevag i ninі zberіgaє his aktualnіst i, yak zaznachiv P. Samuelson, have svoїy osnovі Won "impregnable to criticism." Tse vіrno, ale krititsі Mauger Buti pіddany specific mehanіzm zovnіshnoekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv.

WFP Perevagi

Cutaneous Krajina, vihodyachi s principle porіvnyalnih perevag, namagaєtsya vivoziti Ti goods, vitrati virobnitstvo on yakih at neї nizhchі, nіzh іnternatsіonalnі and zavoziti Ti, virobnitstvo yakih in his kraїnі do dorozhche, nіzh in іnshih powers. On tsomu printsipі formuєtsya torgovelna polіtika whether yakoї Kraina. Bezsumnіvno, the Krajina kupuє i produktsіyu, yak Won vzagalі not vigotovlyaє.

So rank, WFP zabezpechuє powers pevnі perevagi. Zavdyaki uchastі in nomu stink mozhut pіdvischiti efektivnіst natsіonalnoї Economy she Dobrobut Svoge population. Tse zumovleno such mozhlivostyami WFP:

• fate in WFP daє zmogu povnіshe koristuvatisya perevagami spetsіalіzatsії on rіvnі Kraina, ratsіonalnіshe vikoristovuvati svoї resources zbіlshuvati zagalny obsyag virobnitstva;
• virobnitstvo tovarіv Mauger Buti efektivnosti deprivation of minds masovogo virobnitstva i vіdpovіdno vitrat scho postіyno zmenshuyutsya. Mіstkіst same vnutrіshnogo market analysis often Je nedostatnoyu for vikoristannya perevag velikomasshtabnogo virobnitstva Povny mіroyu. Especially Tse stosuєtsya smallest in kraїn;
• WFP spriyaє povnіshomu zadovolennyu potreb population Kraina. Іnakshe bagato kraїn zalishilis bi without tovarіv to yakih zviklo yogo population, ale Vlasnyi mozhlivostey for їh virobnitstva Absent abo vono neratsіonalne;
• fate in WFP generally produces up posilennya konkurentsії that pіdvischennya of Quality vіtchiznyanih tovarіv;
• pogliblennya WFP Je svoєrіdnim foundation for peace polіtiki spіvіsnuvannya that uspіshnogo polіtichnogo spіvrobіtnitstva kraїn (napriklad, Єvropeysky Union).