Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 3. Agrobіznes

Characteristically risoyu sotsіalne orієntovanoї rinkovoї ekonomі-ki on prikladі rozvinutih kraїn Je funktsіonuvannya agropromislo-Vågå complex (APC), abo agrobіznesu. Tse obumovlyuє suttєvі ladies-livostі suspіlnogo vіdtvorennya in tsіy Nadzvychaina sytuatsia vazhlivіy sferі Economy.

In Suchasnyj minds virobnitstvo food (grain, m'yaso milk that іn.) I tehnіchnih crops (bavovna, Lion toscho) gruntuєtsya on mіzhgaluzevіy virobnichіy sistemі, yak ohoplyuє sіlske Gospa States-i sumіzhnі the Branch Economy, Szo postavlyayut Yomou zasobi virobnitstva, pereroblyayut i zberіgayut sіlskogospodarsku B Rovinj i shall communicate produkti harchuvannya and takozh іnshogo zastosu-vannya, viroblenі s sіlskogospodarskoї sirovini to spozhivacha. Їh vzaєmozv'yazok mozhna viraziti scheme: virobnitstvo zasobіv virobnitstva - materіalno-tehnіchne postachannya obslugovuvan i-nya - fermersky product - Yogo Promyslova pererobka - imple-lіzatsіya in optovіy i rozdrіbnіy torgіvlі. On vsіh stadіyah virobnitstva, postachannya i zbutu Agrarian produktsії active role nalezhit tran-Sportna fіrmam, banks, insurance kompanіyam toscho.

Formuvannya i rozvitok agrobіznesu zumovlenі transition sіls-one Gospodarstwa to mashinnoї stadії virobnitstva minds in science-in-tehnіchnoї revolyutsії. Stop uniquely poglibila i rozshirila ekonomіchnі that tehnologіchnі zv'yazki sіlskogo Gospodarstwa s іnshi mi Galuzo, priskorila proniknennya Promyslova kapіtalu in the agricultural sector in the i tsіy osnovі led to viniknennya agrobіznesu, yaky Je s now one naydinamіchnіshih sektorіv rozvinenoї Ekon-mіki.

Materіalnoyu Basics formuvannya APK Yea, s one side, not-for buvaly Glibin processes suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі and s friend of - bezperervny processes rozshirennya kooperuvannya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa s sumіzhnimi Galuzo natsіonalnoї Economy. The sous-chasnoe perіod in rozvinutih kraїnah sklalis takі strukturnі barely-Menten agrobіznesu:

a) Promyslova groupies, shopping, bankіvskih ob'єdnan that їh okremі Lanka (fіrmi, pіdpriєmstva, Naukova-doslіdnі pіdrozdіli toscho);

b) sіlskogospodarskі pіdpriєmstva (korporatsії, cooperatives, okremі fіrmi);

c) that zakonodavchі vikonavchі derzhavnі Set (mіnіsterstva sake, parlamentskі Support Committees, komіsії toscho).

Іdeya complex pіdhodu to vivchennya problems virobnitstva, rozpodіlu i vikoristannya sіlskogospodarskih produktіv i Sale-vislovlena discontent has been viewed 1955 p. kolishnіm defender mіnіstra sіlskogo Gospodarstwa US J. X. The Devіsom. In knizі "Ponyattya agrobіznesu" vіn viznachiv agrobіznes yak scrip vsіh operatsіy s VJ robnitstva i rozpodіlu poslug at the Branch postachannya sіlskogo Gospa, the state, virobnichih operatsіy on farms; Zi zberіgannya, pererobki i rozpodіlu sіlskogospodarskoї sirovini predmetіv spozhivan i-nya, stvorenih s neї. For viznachennyam E. Roy, author pіdruchnika s agrobіznesu, ostannіy traktuєtsya yak system koordinatsії zabezpe-chennya sіlskogo Gospodarstwa neobhіdnimi resources zdіysnen i-nya poslіdovnih stadіy virobnitstva, pererobki i rozpodіlu Sale-i fiber discontent.

Vihodyachi s vikladenogo vische, agrobіznes Je vіdtvoryuvalnim complex Galuzo spheres Economy i, i Reigning zakonodavchih vikonavchih SET, SSMSC funktsіonuyut in єdnostі th zabezpechuyut virobnitstvo, pererobku i zbut produktsії on osnovі sіlskogospo-darskoї sirovini. Vazhlivoyu warehouses Chastain agrobіznesu Je prodovolchy complex (PC), yaky not a vklyuchaє the Branch re-timid sіlskogospodarskoї sirovini neharchovogo priznachennya. Tse ponyattya widely rozpovsyudzhene in kraїnah Zahіdnoї Єvropi scho poyasnyuєtsya vіdsutnіstyu them vіtchiznyanoї tehnologіchnoї sirovini (bavovni, Llona toscho). Chastka PC navіt the US becoming 9/10 vsієї viroblenoї sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії.

Rіven rozvitku i AIC structure rozvinutih kraїnah rіznі fallow stage od ekonomіchnogo rozvitku, natural geografіch-them-sotsіalno іstorichnih yogo Especially formuvannya. Naybіl-shim Je agrobіznes US, yaky pripadaє blizko 19 vіdsotkіv

Product gross natsіonalnogo i blizko 20 vіdsotkіv usіh Zain quiet in kraїnі. In kraїnah Zahіdnoї Єvropi on vіdmіnu od US osobli-vіstyu formuvannya APK Yea those scho Tsei processes vіdbuvaєtsya not tіlki in furrows natsіonalnoї Economy, and the second on osnovі svіtogospodarskih zv'yazkіv. Ostannє obumovleno tim, scho Kraina tsі not practical for the currently-bezpechuyut povnіstyu sіlskogospodarskoyu sirovinoyu i non-obhіdnimi zasobami virobnitstva. Okremі prodovolchі ob'єdnannya zdіysnyuyut his dіyalnіst far mezhami natsіonalnih cor-donіv. In zv'yazku s CIM mozhna vvazhati, scho in maybutnomu sformu-єtsya mіzhnatsіonalny APK Zahіdnoї Єvropi. In її kraїnah chastka AIC in gross natsіonalnomu produktі rіzna. So, w-naybіlshі staffs agrobіznesu in Єvropeyskomu Soyuzі harakternі for Danії (13 vіdsotkіv GNP) Іtalії (12 vіdsotkіv) Frantsії (12 vіdsotkіv).

Rozvitok APK daє mozhlivіst viroblyati Taku Quantity Sale-discontent at yakіy-valued Chastina suspіlstva zvіlnyaєtsya od sіls-kogospodarskoї pratsі. Napriklad have kіntsі 80 rokіv one Gollan-dsky farmer svoєyu Prace viroblyav food for grubs vannya 118-chol in Danії -. 105, Belgії - 92 Velikobritanії - 88, at the USA-82, Nіmechchinі - 67 Frantsії - 45 chol. Against the Goths to spozhivannya food - the result is not tіlki zaynyatih bezpo-seredno in sіlskomu gospodarstvі and second in іnshih Galuzo agrobіzne-su. In the US, for danimi on the cob 90 rokіv yogo chastka it becomes 90 vіdsotkіv vartostі viroblenogo food and chastka Vlasnyi sіlskogo Gospodarstwa - vsogo 10 vіdsotkіv. Tacke spіvvіdnoshennya zakonomіrne: cpm bіlshe rozvinuty agrobіznes, team nizhcha chastka vartostі produktsії, viroblenoї in most sіlskomu gospodarstvі.

Otzhe, efektivnіst agropromislovogo virobnitstva characterized zuє-Yogo Ekonomichna structure (for vartіstyu viroblenoї produktsії, chiselnіstyu zaynyatih, the size іnvestitsіy toscho).

Uzagalnyuyuchim pokaznikom rіvnya rozvitku agrobіznesu, the results-tativnostі yogo lanok i optimalnostі mіzhgaluzevih zv'yazkіv Je kіn-tsevy product (CP). Yogo vartіsna structure pokazuє dzherela formuvannya, vіdtvoryuvalnі zv'yazki tsієї bagatogaluzevoї virobni-cho ekonomіchnoї system. In formuvannі KP Especially chіtko vidіlyaє-tsya three stadії, abo spherical, cutaneous s yakih harakterizuєtsya svoїmi spetsifіchnimi funktsіyami:

1. Virobnitstvo zasobіv virobnitstva for agrobіznesu that yogo obslugovuvannya.

2. Sіlskogospodarske virobnitstvo.

3. Pererobka.! realіzatsіya produktsії s sіlskogospodarskoї B Rovinj.

Vіdnosno Visokiy rіven rozvitku agropromislovogo virobnits-Twa daє zmogu stabіlno zabezpechuvati food population in rozvinutih kraїnah. Schodo tsogo іnshih regіonіv skazati not mozhna.

For danimi UN have good minds Suchasnyj harchuyutsya 1.5 billion chol "dostatno- 1.8 billion i nedostatno Ponad 1.7 billion chol. Niz-cue rіven rozvitku virobnichogo potentsіalu typical for kraїn scho rozvivayutsya. Here zberіgayutsya vіdnosno visokі Tempi Priroda-stu population at nedostatnomu rozvitku virobnichoї bazi, scho zagostryuє prodovolchі problems in Tsikh kraїnah.

However, when vsіh dosyagnennyah agropromislovogo virobnitstva in rozvinutih kraїnah vono Got bagato problems i superechnostey. Nau-kovo-tehnіchna revolyutsіya gave digit іmpuls rozvitku i yogo for-bezpechila perehіd to mashinnoї stadії virobnitstva. Zdіysnyuєtsya is complex mehanіzatsіya virobnichih protsesіv widely vikoristo bіotehnologіya-exist, a gene іnzhenerіya, Electro-obchislyuval-on tehnіka, Hotel aerokosmіchnoї service. Sogodnі vіdbuvaєtsya perehіd od malopotuzhnoї tehnіki to machines that serednoї velikoї potuzhnostі, SSMSC pratsyuyut on great shvidkostyah s vikoristan yum-wide-navіsnih machines i mehanіzmіv. Pong toil komp'yuteri, SSMSC sposterіgayut for robots i regulyuyut vіdpovіdnі processes. Widely zaprovadzhuyutsya hіmіzatsіya zemlerobstva, vetch-ristannya otrutohіmіkatіv for Zahist Roslyn i od tvarin hvorob that shkіdnikіv.

Pid dієyu Tsikh protsesіv sіlskogospodarske virobnitstvo con tsentruєtsya have great farms rіzko zrostaє produktivnіst pratsі not deprivation in roslinnitstvі, Ive tvarinnitstvі. Tse Veda to zmenshennya kіlkostі fermerskih Gospodarstwa to zagalnogo, Hoch i nerіvno-mіrnogo for Galuzo vitіsnennya robochoї Sealy іz spherical sіlskogo Gospodarstwa. Thus, in one Zahіdnіy Єvropі pratsіvnik, vikoristovu-Yuchi Suchasnyj tehnіku, Mauger obrobiti 100-150 hectares ornoї zemlі, vіdgo-duvati 4-5 yew. pigs, 100-120 vidoїti korіv. Zvіdsi skorochennya kіlkostі fermerіv vnaslіdok enlargement virobnitstva in sіlsko th gospodarstvі generally produces up znizhennya zhittєzdatnostі sіlskoї mіstsevostі.

Process kontsentratsії virobnitstva i vitіsnennya digit number drіbnih fermerіv s Agrarian spherical naybіlsh rozpovsyudzheny the US. For danimi Upravlіnnya tehnologіchnih otsіnok Congress tsіє ¯ Kraina, chastka great (i serednіh) farms in maybutnomu bude pro-dovzhuvati zrostati. So, h 1982 to 2000 r. grupa s farms rіchnoyu realіzatsієyu od 200 tis. 499 yew. dollars. zbіlshitsya of 4 to 10 od-sotkіv zagalnoї chiselnostі Gospodarstwa and grupa s realіzatsієyu bіl-above 500 tis. dollars. - Of 1 to 4 vіdsotkіv. In rezultatі tsі "serednі" i "komertsіynі" farm-to-cob-thirds tisyacholіttya will Stana Viti 14 vіdsotkіv usіh Gospodarstwa on chastku yakih pripadatime The basic Chastina produktsії the Branch. In the US, so very, yak i in Zahіdnіy Єvropі i Yaponії, perevazhayut sіmeynі Fermi, scho Yea characterized suttєvoyu-tics zaznachenih vische protsesіv.

For bіlshostі rozvinutih kraїn ostannі desyatirіchchya-characterized form a posilennyam protsesіv nadvirobnitstva schodo platospromozh-tion popitu number sіlskogospodarskih produktіv. Zvіdsi zrostaє ob'єktivna neobhіdnіst sovereign regulyuvannya Agrarian sphere. In zahіdnoєvropeyskih kraїnah 80-i Rocky bіlshe uwagi pridіlya elk sіmeynim Gospodarstwa, zokrema ogolosheno Bulo, scho Agrarian metoyu polіtiki Je zberezhennya yakomoga bіlshoї kіlkostі villagers-skih sіmeynih Gospodarstwa, zabezpechennya stabіlnostі on their agrarian-Rink, Borotba s nadvirobnitstvom Shlyakhov znizhennya pur- pіvelnih tsіn. Stvoryuyutsya minds for obmezhennya virobnitstva sіlskogospodarskih produktіv. Naybіlsh rіshuchі zusillya in tsomu napryamі boule zroblenі in NGF de 1988 p. Bulo priynyato novі two laws (about spriyannya viluchennyu s sіvooborotu land i spriyannya pripinennyu sіlskogospodarskoї dіyalnostі). For tsogo vidіlya-lis derzhavnі subsidії "rent for pripinennya virobnitstva", "mo-lochnі pensії" toscho.

Skladnі problemi hocks in zv'yazku іz zberezhennyam natural seredovischa. Zastosuvannya hіmіkatіv in roslinnitstvі, Promyslova me-todіv vіdgodіvlі in tvarinnitstvі generally produces up posilennya zabrudnen-nya ground, Vod, povіtrya. All bіlsh zagostryuєtsya problem utilі-zatsії vіdhodіv, Especially in kraїnah s maloyu teritorієyu. Napriklad have Nіderlandah priynyato law yaky zaboronyaє on bіlshіy chastinі kraї-ni away zbіlshennya pogolіv'ya tvarin; budіvnitstvo novih primі-schen for svinarstva i ptahіvnitstva povnіstyu zaboroneno. In Austria-lії peredbachaєtsya pozbavlennya podatkovih that іnshih pіlg quiet sіls-kogospodarskih virobnikіv, SSMSC utrimuyut bіlshe tvarin, nіzh tse viznacheno so the title of "stele" (limit of normal). In Nіmechchinі vstanovleny neopodatkovany mіnіmum for quiet fermerіv in yakih Quantity tvarin not perevischuє 330 odinits "umovnoї velikoї rogatoї thinness". In tsіy kraїnі, yak i in іnshih, law vstanovlenі boundary dopustimі standards of right, SSMSC slіd vnositi per 1 ha ploschі.

Іndustrіalіzatsіya Suchasnyj sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva put the issue of Quality prodovolchih tovarіv. Nadmіrne sec-gnennya hіmії in agrarian virobnitstvo stimulyuє pragnennya to maxi-mіzatsії zborіv gross harvest and pributku takozh, scho pid put zagrozu mainly masu population. Tendentsії to pogіrshennya of Quality Food fahіvtsі viyavili ago. So, vchenі Odeskogo selectivity-tsіyno-genetichnogo іnstitutu in seredinі 70 rokіv opublіkuvali doslіdzhennya result of Quality of grain dvadtsyat rokіv. Zokrema, zaznachalos scho skorochuєtsya Pete Wagga in zernі bіlkіv, vuglevo dіv-carotene that іnshih warehouses, SSMSC viznachayut yogo yakіsnі ha-tics. Pіdkreslyuvalos, scho tse characteristic of grain, yak viroschuyut on vsіh continents (Zahіdna Єvropa, America, Austria-lіya, Azіya, Africa).

Postіyno vinikayut konflіkti mіzh virobnikami i organіzatsіya mi spozhivachіv s power shkіdlivih for Health Protection Helsinki Human materіalіv, SSMSC mіstyatsya in sіlskogospodarskih products. W 1988 r. in kraї-nah Єvropeyskogo Union zaboroneno vikoristannya gormonіv ro-stu at viroschuvannі calves i vіdgodіvlі grown tvarin on m'yaso. In zv'yazku іz viyavlenimi in Velikobritanії in 1996 p. Folding for-hvoryuvannyami vnaslіdok empathy yalovichini zaboroneno її ex-port s Kraina that rіzko obmezheno vnutrіshnє spozhivannya, namіchena programa primusovogo znischennya digit pogolіv'ya velikoї horns toї thinness s vіdshkoduvannyam farmers zbitkіv for rakhunok holding-vie that Єvropeyskogo Union. Zvichayno, access in all these butts at-sutnіy yelement konkurentnoї Borotba.

Pid clutches of gromadskostі in bagatoh kraїnah vstupayut into force the laws, SSMSC posilyuyut vimogi up of Quality of food i obmezhu-yut vikoristannya hіmіchnih rechovin in agricultural virobnitstvі. In ryadі kraїn priynyato law about Zahist ґruntovih waters. Zastosu-vannya nayshkіdlivіshih hіmіchnih Welcome obmezhuєtsya zakonodavst-tion. Tse ob'єktivna neobhіdnіst sogodnі. In the United States during ґruntovih-dah Ayoví i Kalіfornії viyavlenі otruynі sіlskogospodarskі hіmі-Kati. In Іtalії, napriklad through zabrudnennya the population 12 mіst vinikla problem pitnoї Vod.

Aktivnіst organіzatsіy spozhivachіv i zrostannya zagalnoosvіtno th rіvnya masovogo spozhivacha spriyali pіdvischennyu vimog up of Quality sіlskogospodarskih produktіv. Z'yavilis ob'єdnannya fermerіv, SSMSC zdіysnyuyut zemlerobstvo Alternatively, target Mіzhnarod well-federatsіyu organіchnogo zemlerobstva at deyakih universities Prace-yut CHAIR alternative zemlerobstva.

Otzhe, virobnitstvo hіmіchno that ekologіchno net food vіdkrivaє novі perspectives for rozvitku Agrarian sphere. Author-tetnі EXPERT vvazhayut scho sіlske Gospodarstwa znahoditsya on porozі new round Naukova Progreso, yaky zabezpechit virіshen-nya vkazanih problems.