Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Natsіonalnі menshostі on Ukraїnі

Іnshoyu vazhlivoyu risoyu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoї modernіzatsії steel porodzhenі her velikі zrushennya in etnіchnomu skladі population. Docks Gospodarstwa Kraina Bulo mayzhe agrarian population її perevazhno deprives Ukrainian. Thus, in 1800 p. ukraїntsі skladali mayzhe 90% meshkantsіv edge and їhnіy vіdsotok on Lіvoberezhzhі syagav 95. Ale already in the XIX century. vіdbuvalasya pomіtna zmіna: chastka ukraїntsіv in skladі population fell to 80%, the number of yak todі rosіyan, єvreїv that іnshih menshostey rіzko zbіlshilosya. Great mіroyu tsya zmіna became naslіdkom priskorennya tempіv komertsіynogo i pro- mislovogo rozvitku, yaky LUVs to main pov'yazany s neukraїnskimi natsіyami.

Rosіyani. W time ukladennya Union s Moscow at 1654 p. rosіyani steel Ukraїnі zvichaynim yavischem, ale їh nіkoli not Bulo bagato. Protyagom XVIII th XIX century. naychislennіshu kategorіyu rosіyan then become soldiers mіskih bail. The word "moє- kal", Yakima ukraїntsі nazivali rosіyan at sutі Bulo sinonіmom word "soldier". Menshі pіdgrupi rosіyan skladalisya s nobility, scho otrimuvali maєtki on Pіvdnі, tsarskih chinovnikіv i kuptsіv, Especially on Lіvoberezhzhі. Naprikіntsі XVIII - XIX century on the cob. s osvoєnnyam on Pіvdnі novih land tudi plinuv postіyny, Hoch i is not wide, potіk rosіyskih poselentsіv, perevazhno such relіgіynih disidentіv, yak starovіri. Q kіntsі deprivation in the XIX century. in zv'yazku s Promyslova boom rosіyani steel Masov pereselyatisya on up Ukraine, Especially in the first promislovі torgovі centerand Pіvdnya. Chiselnіst rosіyan zbіlshuvalasya for rakhunok th dobrovіlnoї rusifіkatsії, nasampered ukrajins'koho nobility. Yak Bulo vzhe zaznacheno, 1897 at p. rosіyani skladali 11.7% of the population edge.

Perekonanі in fact scho UKRAINE for svoєyu Sutta - rosіyska land and culture ukraїnska - nepovnotsіnna, rosіyani in osnovnіy masі not Bajan ovolodіvati ukraїnskoyu movoyu th viyavlyali not zatsіkavlenostі ukraїnskimi zvichayami th traditsіyami i povagi to them. Pong Domagala rusifіkatsії vsіh storіn ukrajins'koho Zhittya th dosyagli svoєї methylene, prinaymnі in mіstah. Representation of Ukrainian peasants to rosіyan basically not Bulo rіzko antagonіstichnim. Oskіlki rosіyskі pereselentsі zoseredzhuvalisya in mіstah i factories, їhnі Contacts s ​​village boules obmezhenimi. Before the train Ukrainian villagers rozumіli scho rosіyskih villagers i robіtnikіv not spread rot Mensch bezzhalno. Nareshtі, zavdyaki spіlnostі pravoslavnoї vіri th podіbnostі in movі vіdmіnnostі mіzh EYAD nations Bulo Legshei podolati. Tse zovsіm not mean scho Ukrainian villagers not usvіdomlyuvali rіznitsі mіzh him that pіvnіchanami. Pong nazivali rosіyan, SSMSC nerіdko wore beards, znevazhlivim word "katsap" rosіyani paid їm tієyu Well coins nazivayuchi ukraїntsіv not prinizlivo Mensch - "Little Russian" (Oseledets on pogolenіy golovі Cossack). Prote nevdovolennya cultural gegemonієyu rosіyan naygostrіshe vіdchuvalosya Sered ukraїnskoї іntelіgentsії.

Poles. Poles lived on Ukraїnі nabagato davnіshe, nіzh rosіyani. In XVI i XVII century. pong take fate in kolonіzatsії ukrajins'koho pogranichchya, i Hoch pid hour insurrection in 1648 p. їh vignali s Lіvoberezhzhya, їm udalosya zberegti svіy control Pravoberezhzhyam. Tsey regіon rozglyadali yak stink nevіd'єmnu Chastain Polschі navіt pіslya yogo priєdnannya to Rosіyskoї іmperії at 1795 p. Great vpliv polyakіv on Pravoberezhzhі, zvichayno Well, not stale tіlki od їhnoї kіlkostі: seredinі in the XIX century. їh nalіchuvalosya deprivation 500tis. and їhnya chastka naselennі in Ukraine fell of 10% in 1795 p. in 1909 to 6.4 p. Velichezna Wagga polyakіv on Pravoberezhzhі nasampered zumovlyuvalasya bagatstvom i vplivom їhnoї elіti. In 1850 r. blizko 5 tis. polskih zemlevlasnikіv volodіli 90% zemlі that 1.2 million krіpakіv tsogo regіonu. Pravoberezhzhya de zoseredzhuvalosya 60% usogo nobility Ukraine deprives tverdineyu Old poryadkіv.

Navіt skasuvannya krіposnogo right not zmoglo pohitnuti encampments such kazkovo Bhagat polskih magnatіv, yak Rodini Pototskih, Chortoriyskih, Branitskih that Zaslavskih, kozhnіy s yakih nalezhali volodіnnya in sotnі tisyach akrіv. Mayuchi velichezny kapіtal, the stench from razі require easily passed to vikoristannya naymanoї pratsі that mehanіzovanoї obrobki zemlі. Ale for velicheznoї bіlshostі polskoї gentry perehіd to commercial zemlerobstva viyavivsya folding. Pid kіnets XIX century. bagato s them porozprodavali svoї maєtki th moved to Mista, de became officials, merchants, predstavnikami vіlnih profesіy. All are in the I 1904 p. in the hands of polyakіv perebuvalo Ponad 46% Private 54% zemlevolodіn i Promyslova virobnitstva on Pravoberezhzhі.

In stosunkah mіzh polskimi pans that ukraїnskimi villagers zavzhdi іsnuvala great napruzhenіst. Skasuvannya krіpatstva descho pokraschilo encampment. Pіznіshe, if in 1863 p. Poles povstali proti rosіyan, deyakі s Screw them of Namangan on svіy bіk of Ukrainian villagers species so zvanі "Zoloti literacy" in yakih progoloshuvali, scho tse stink, and Th CAR Daruwala villagers land th freedom. Naslіdki Tsikh zusil Basically boule mіzernimi. Few hto h of Ukrainian villagers priєdnavsya to polskih panіv, then will blizko 300 tis. dobrovіlno fought s povstalimi.

Deyakі polskі nobles vіdchuvali to ukraїntsіv іnteres, scho not MAV nіyakoї polіtichnoї chi ekonomіchnoї motivatsії. Pong is the їhnі protyagom stolіt ancestors lived on Ukraїnі. Vnaslіdok tsogo seredinі in the XIX century. in deyakih polskih shlyahtichіv rozvinulasya prihilnіst to vsogo ukrajins'koho. Timko Padura, napriklad, vikoristovuvav in svoїh creates ukraїnsku folk poezіyu and predstavniki "ukraїnskoї school 's polskih pismennikіv Pravoberezhzhya to yakoї nalezhav i slavetny Yulіush Slovatsky often wrote to the Ukrainian ones. Yak mi pіznіshe pobachimo, deyakі polskі chi spolschenі nobles vіdіgrali vidatnu role in ukraїnskomu natsіonalnomu rusі. However i Dali Interests polskih zemlevlasnikіv that deprives of Ukrainian villagers nesumіsnimi, i in traditsіynih stosunkah mіzh EYAD people became a little vіdchutnih for Change.

Єvreї. Sered naychiselnіshih menshostey Ukraine "naystarshoyu" boule єvreї. Pong lived here for slit Kiїvskoї Dobie, and in XVI i XVII century. pid patronage polskoї gentry began to Masov pereselyatisya up Ukraine. Tsі davnі meshkantsі Ukraine boule against vіdnosno novimi pіddanimi tsarіv. Pravoberezhzhya de resided mayzhe OAO All Ukrainian єvreї became Chastain Rosіyskoї іmperії deprivation in 1795 p. Tsarsky Uryadov schodo escorting unіkalnu polіtiku velikoї kіlkostі svoїh novih єvreyskih pіddanih: Abi zahistiti rosіyskih kuptsіv od konkurentsії їhnogo s side, vіn zaboroniv єvreyam prozhivate on teritorії Vlasnyi Russie. Zone rozselennya єvreїv, so the title of "Smuha osіlostі" obmezhuvalasya mіstsyami їhnogo Pervin accommodation in these recently zahoplenih zahіdnih land yak Lithuania, Bіlorusіya th bіlsha Chastina Pravoberezhnoї Ukraine. SOCA OAO All modifіkatsії tsya Smuha on sutі proіsnuvala to 1917 p.

Protyagom usogo XIX century., Especially in yogo drugіy polovinі, chiselnіst єvreyskogo population duzhe zrosla. Mіzh 1820 that 1880 pp., If zagalna Quantity іmperії zbіlshilasya population by 87%, the number of єvreїv zroslo 150%. Sche shvidshim Tsey processes CCB Pravoberezhzhі: Quantity mіzh population in 1844 that in 1913 pp. zbіlshilasya here at 265% in one hour yak єvreyskogo population - 844%! Tsі nadzvichaynі Tempi poyasnyuvalisya nasampered tim, scho іudeyska relіgіya osvyachuvala bagatodіtnі Rodin, in a different way, єvreї less then terpіli od hunger voєn that epіdemіy, one nareshtі, tim, scho Sered them bula Mensch Fridom mortality rate zavdyaki samodopomozі єvreyskoї Gromada th nayavnostі svoїh lіkarіv. Іz 5.2 million єvreїv іmperії kіntsya XIX century. pochad 2 million tarried at Ukraїnі. When tsomu in іmperії Yakscho stink skladali 4% of the population, then Ukr aїnі -8, and Pravoberezhzhі - 12.6.

Traditsіyno єvreї boule mіskimi residents. Tsarska zaborona pereselyatisya Village zakrіplyuvala tse encampment. Tom is not a wonder, scho 33% of the population of Ukraine mіskogo skladali єvreї, and mіstechkah Pravoberezhzhya їhnya chastka syagala 70-80%. Kompaktnі, zamknutі traditsіonalіstskі Gromada єvreyskih mіstechok boule okremim svіtom. Here panuvali orthodox єvreyska relіgіya, Culture i mova (іdish). Great vpliv-mali Rabin, Kagan, tobto samovryaduvannya organic bulk, and the contact іz "zovnіshnіm" svіtom obmezhuvalisya ekonomіchnimi znosinami. Types boule uboztvo th perenaselenіst mіstechok, oskіlki chiselnіst єvreyskih communities just perevischuvala їhnyu ekonomіchnu spromozhnіst. Vizhiti dwellers in bagatolyudnih provіntsіynih mіstechkah s їhnіmi obmezhenimi mozhlivostyami zarobіtku that іntensivnoyu konkurentsієyu, potrіbnі boule pratsovitіst, maysternіst i kmіtlivіst.

Blizko 3/4 of Ukrainian єvreїv zaroblyali on Zhittya drіbnoyu torgіvleyu that craft. Tsі zovsіm not bagatі kramarі, shinkarі, kravtsі, shevtsі that have become yuvelіri єvreysky "serednіy class." Nekvalіfіkovanі robіtniki, bagato s yakih Ledwith could progoduvati currently vipadkovimi zarobіtkami chi milostineyu, skladali blizko 20% єvreyskoї robochoї Seeley. Verhіvka podіlyalasya on Dvi pіdgrupi: s one side, she rabinіv іnshih velmishanovnih "knizhnikіv" SSMSC celebrated on the great colossus vpliv and z-іnshogo Bhagat kapіtalіstіv. In 1872 r. Bhagat єvreyam on Ukraїnі nalezhalo blizko 90% of distillation, 56% lіsopilen, 48% virobnitstva Tyutyunov th 33% tsukrovaren. Іz rozshirennyam mozhlivostey zdobuti osvіtu bagato єvreїv ulilosya to seredovischa svіtskoї rusifіkovanoї іntelіgentsії, Especially in such Galuzo, yak is the right medicine. A s rozvitkom promislovostі great єvreїv Quantity (for deyakimi pіdrahunkami -38%) znayshli sobі robot factories.

Ale-sotsіalno ekonomіchnі zmіni sprichinyalisya minutes to Pevnyi trudnoschіv for єvreїv іmperії. Іz Shvidky zrostannyam єvreyskogo population zagostryuvalasya yogo Ekonomichna konkurentsіya s neєvreyami. Ekspluatatorska dіyalnіst deyakih єvreyskih pіdpriєmtsіv that lihvarіv i scho Duzhe vazhlivo all bіlsh antisemіtska polіtika Uryadov, agіtatsіya reaktsіynih ugrupovan - all tse posilyuvalo vorozhіst to єvreїv naprikіntsі XIX century. In 1881 r. i again in 1903-1905 pp. її kulmіnatsієyu becoming number pogromіv єvreyskih communities that їhnogo lane, scho prizvelo to zagibelі desyatkіv people i mіlyonnih zbitkіv. Bagato pogromіv organіzovuvali takі ultrapravі groupies rosіyskih natsіonalіstіv, yak "Union of the Russian People" i sumnozvіsnі "chornі sotnі" when poturannі chi prinaymnі, nevtruchannі Uryadov. Ale chi no naydalekosyazhnіshim naslіdkom pogromіv was those scho stink at zagostrili єvreїv minutes without GOSTR vіdchuttya bezzahisnostі th sprichinilisya to masovoї emіgratsії blizko 1.2 million єvreїv (until 1914 p.) Іz Rosіyskoї іmperії to Spoluchenih Shtatіv.

Uzagalі stosunki mіzh ukraїntsyami that єvreyami not boule - that th Booty could hardly chi - druzhnіmi. Protyagom stolіt tsі two people іsnuvali in structural antagonіstichnomu (i hoch vzaєmozalezhnomu) seredovischі. For єvreya ukraїnets represents vіdstale th zabite village, and for ukraїntsya єvrey CCB utіlennyam stranger th ekspluatatorskogo Mista, scho cheap kupuvalo from Demba products, and goods were sold svoї Yomou expensive. Ukrainian villagers boyalisya rosіyskih chinovnikіv i nenavidіli polskih panіv, but for marriage іnshih zasobіv zaroblyati to live on єvreї often dіyali yak їhnі predstavniki chi poseredniki. The cultural vіdnoshennі єvreї that ukraїntsі Mali nebagato spіlnogo and їhnі relіgії deprivation pogliblyuvali vіdmіnnostі mіzh them.

Do not maintained upstream skladalisya stosunki mіzh іntelіgentsієyu Tsikh dvoh narodіv. H point Zora natsіonalnoї orієntatsії єvreyska іntelіgentsіya Bachila deprivation Dvi mozhlivostі: abo. asimіlyuvatisya s panіvnoyu rosіyskoyu culture, abo namagatisya rozvinuti his samobutnіst. Tіsnіshі zv'yazki s ukraїntsyami, SSMSC little scho could zaproponuvati єvreyam in cultural, ekonomіchnomu chi polіtichnomu vіdnoshennі, zdaval cope malodotsіlnoyu. Zi Svoge side, ukraїnska іntelіgentsіya zasudzhuvala skhilnіst єvreїv, SSMSC protyagom stolіt lived Sered ukraїntsіv to ototozhnennya s silnіshimi rosіyanami. The I hoch robilisya sprobi dosyagti vzaєmorozumіnnya th navіt spіvpratsі (napriklad, come Mikhailo Dragomanov that Aron Lіbermana chi Petliura that іnshih of Ukrainian sotsіalіstіv, s one side, that vidatnogo sіonіstskogo dіyacha Volodymyr Zhabotinskogo - іnshogo s), stink Somalia is not great of Success. Vіdtak tsі Dvi spіlnostі prodovzhuvali zhiti in blizkomu susіdstvі, ale mayzhe in tsіlkovitіy іzolyatsії one od odnoї. Before w bagato predstavnikіv kozhnoї s them boule skhilnі skorіshe taїti in sobі starі way, nіzh plekati spіlnі Interests i vzaєmorozumіnnya.

Sotsіalno-ekonomіchny rozvitok Shіdnoї Ukraine naprikіntsі XIX century. harakterizuyut three osnovnі RISS: ekonomіchny zastіy in bіlshostі sіlskih rayonіv; Shvidka іndustrіalіzatsіya in Krivoy Rozі that Donbasі; INCREASING prisutnіst in kraїnі neukraїntsіv. Yak mi peresvіdchilisya, Same neukraїntsі, headaches rank rosіyani that єvreї, boules naybіlsh prichetnimi to Promyslova rozvitku that zrostannya mіst. In his Cherga ukraїntsі to deprive selі. Vnaslіdok tsogo rozvinulasya sotsіalno-Ekonomichna dvopolyusnіst: ukraїntsіv have slit bіlshіy mіrі, nіzh Doty, ototozhnyuvali іz zastіynim i vіdstalim village, todі yak neukraїntsі panuvali in Tsarina suspіlstva, scho th rozvivalisya modernіzuvalisya. Digit mіroyu Tsey podіl іsnuє th sogodnі.