Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

UKRAINE In XX STOLІTTІ

VІYNA the I REVOLYUTSІYA

Persha svіtova vіyna began to Єvropi Perche zhahlivim dosvіdom Suchasnyj Keeping voєnnih Act reasonably. About katastrofіchnі scale tsogo konflіktu svіdchat Hoch b okremo vzyatі statistichnі danі 33 Kraina, SSMSC ranіshe chi pіznіshe take fate in vіynі, mobіlіzuvali 65 million soldatіv, s yakih 10 million zaginulo i Bulo injure 20 million. Victims of Sered tsivіlnogo population boule mayzhe such train. Vіyna scored masovogo not deprivation, and the first character of the total. Dwellers pіdtrimati velicheznі armії scho voyuvali on frontі, tsіlі suspіlstva s їhnіmi ekonomіkami harnessed in kolіsnitsyu vіyni. Zrostayuchі vtrati generally produces to worry napruzhennya forces on the fronts of i in tilu, ogolyuvali th pogliblyuvali fatalnі polіtichnі th sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі wadi Old іmperskih poryadkіv Єvropi. In rezultatі for Nіmechchini, Turetskoї that Austro-Ugorskoї іmperіy (as the title of the Central Powers), and takozh Rosіyskoї іmperії, yak s time Velikobritanієyu, Frantsієyu Spoluchenimi States that belonged to the Entente, vіyna zreshtoyu became zmagannyam on samoznischennya.

Perche pid vise vіy "rozvalilasya Rosіyska іmperіya. Do not Bulo chogos nespodіvanogo in fact scho ЇЇ kіnei suprovodzhuvavsya Shvidky pіdnesennyam rіznih rosіyskih partіy, SSMSC zdavna vistupali proti tsarskogo regime, and now of Namangan nav'yazati dezorієntovanomu suspіlstvu vlasnі modelі new sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo th polіtichnogo arrange. Ale bagatoh zdivuvalo those scho zovnі sluhnyanі nerosіyskі peoples kolishnoї іmperії takozh Pochaiv vimagati right vlashtuvati its share of Vlasnyi rozsud. Tom looked at poshireny revolyutsіyu 1917 p. yak on titanіchnu battle klasіv from Russie daє not adequate rozumіnnya podіy on Ukraїnі: here vibuhnula ukraїnska revolyutsіya, scho for svoєyu by nature yak bula natsіonalnoyu so i sotsіalnoekonomіchnoyu.

Ukraїntsі in pershіy svіtovіy vіynі

Naslіdki vіyni for ukraїntsіv, zmushenih bitisya s oboh voyuyuchih storіn, boules negaynimi, bezposerednіmi second grave. Protyagom usієї vіyni Galicia sluguvala arena of naybіlshih i naykrovoprolitnіshih poboїsch on Shіdnomu frontі, її population conceited scary zbitkіv od ruynuvan that spustoshen caused voєnnimi dіyami and takozh brutalnіstyu rosіyskogo yak, so i avstrіyskogo komanduvannya. Ale of order іz fіzichnimi vtratami vіyna slit bіlshe pogіrshila share ukraїntsіv, kotrі not mali vlasnoї powers, scho zahischala b їhnі konkretnі Interests. Velichezna ukraїntsіv Quantity (in rosіyskіy armії nalіchuvalosya 3.5 million of Ukrainian soldatіv i 250 yew. Avstrіyskomu served vіysku) i fought for vmirali іmperії, scho not deprivation іgnoruvali їhnі natsіonalnі Interests, ale th of Namangan active, yak, zokrema, OOO Russian Federation, znischiti їhnіy natsіonalny ruh. Naygіrshim Bulo those scho ukraїntsіv - yak uchasnikіv boїv s oboh storіn - zmushuvali vbivati ​​one single. Єdinim positive aspects vіyni Bulo those scho Won visnazhuvala voyuyuchі іmperії, stvoryuyuchi note by novі polіtichnі mozhlivostі for svoїh prignoblenih pіddanih. Ale, prinaymnі popervosti, mozhlivіst tsya bula slit zanadto vіddalenoyu.

Up Ukraine Avstrії odrazu vіdreaguvaly on the cob voєnnih Act reasonably. Serpnya W 1914 r., Dwellers zabezpechiti ukraїntsіv єdinim ob'єdnanim predstavnitskim body usі Ukrain- їnskі partії utvorili in Lvovі Zagalnu Ukraїnsku Rada on cholі s authoritative parlamentskim dіyachem Costa Levytskyj. Vote scho "Peremoga Austro-ugorskoї monarhії bude th nashoyu Peremoga, i denote bіlshoї porazki zaznaє OOO Russian Federation, Tim blizhchoyu bude Godin vizvolennya ukraїntsіv" Rada zaklikaet vsіh ukraїntsіv fight for konstitutsіynu Avstrіyu (їhnogo naybіlshogo other) vs. samoderzhavnoї Russie (nayzapeklіshogo vorogov). Nezabarom Rada visunula іdeyu stvoriti vseukraїnsky vіyskovy zagіn. On neї vіdguknulosya Ponad 28 tis. natsіonalne svіdomih yunakіv, bug the s yakih nalezhali to organіzatsіy "Sich", "Sokil" i "Plast". Sturbovanі mozhlivіstyu viniknennya great vіyskovih zagonіv of Ukrainian, Polish vplivovі in Vіdnі Zroby so dwellers on service to Ukrayinsky legіonu (pіznіshe qiu titles on zmіnili of Ukrainian sіchovih Striltsy) priynyali deprivation 2.5 yew. cholovіk. Tse Bulo Pershe ukraїnske vіyskove formuvannya that hour. Velichezna bіlshіst іnshih ukraїntsіv, SSMSC served the Habsburgs, includes regulyarnі avstrіyskі pіdrozdіli.

Sotsіalіsti, kotrі viїhali Rosіyskoї h Ukraine, takozh utvorili in Lvovі polіtichnu company profile, yak small Buti predstavnikom їhnіh spіvvіtchiznikіv, scho pid perebuvali tsarskoyu Vlad. Vazhlivoyu, ba navіt іstorichnoyu risoyu tsієї organіzatsії on cholі s Volodymyr Doroshenko, Andrієm Beetle, Mar'yanom Melenevskim, Olexandr cursive-Yoltuhovskim that Mikola Zalіznyakom scho nazivalasya Union vizvolennya Ukraine, Bulo those scho Won Sered of Ukrainian Persha organіzatsіy Vote svoєyu metoyu utvorennya samostіynoї ukraїnskoї powers. For dosyagnennya tsієї methylene IED virіshiv spіvpratsyuvati s Nіmechchinoyu that Avstrієyu proti Russie.

Ale, Ledwith zgurtuvavshisya, tsі organіzatsії boule zmushenі tіkati to Vіdnya od nastupayuchoї rosіyskoї armії, yak on the cob Veresnya broke through the defense avstrіysku th okupuvala Velika Chastain Shіdnoї Galicia. Tsya porazka avstrіytsіv small strashnі naslіdki for ukraїntsіv Galicia. Shukayuchi Reason svoїh nevdach, Austro-ugorske komanduvannya hunt povіrilo zvinuvachennyam polskoї admіnіstratsії provіntsії in fact, scho with such a reason was "zrada ukraїntsіv" kotrі nіbito taєmno simpatizuvali th dopomagali rosіyanam. In rezultatі vіdstupayuchі gabsburzkі vіyska, nasampered ugorskі Chastain, rozpochali kampanіyu Teror proti ukrajins'koho population. Spochatku rusofіlіv and Zgoda i vzagalі ukraїntsіv tsіlimi hundreds zaareshtovuvali strachuvali minutes without trial. Tisyachі drove up Avstrії minutes there throwing up kontsentratsіynih taborіv. Naysumnіshoyu glory Sered them koristuvavsya Telergof, in de minds zhahlivih Trimai LP yew. rusofіlіv that ukraїnofіlіv, SSMSC tisyach ginuli od hvorob. Zgoda in vіdenskomu parlamentі vibuhnuv scandal Navkolo such representations to avstrіyskih gromadyan, i 1917 p. Tsey that INSHI kontstabori Bulo Closed-punished.

Unenviable share spіtkala takozh Halytska ukraїntsіv, kotrі potrapili pid rosіysku okupatsіyu. Tsarsky Uryadov Shvydko giving zrozumіti scho vіn not vvazhaє Shіdnu Galicia yakims novim i timchasovim zavoyuvannyam, nazivayuchi її not іnakshe, yak "longtime rosіyskoyu earth," KOTRA is now "nazavzhdi vozz'єdnuєtsya s matіr'yu-Rosієyu". Potіm vіn Taking the vtіlennya in Zhittya mіfu about "rosіyskіst" Galicia. Generalgubernatorom Bulo priznacheno Count Georgіya Bobrinskogo (brother vplivovogo rosіyskogo conservative, scho zdavna vistupav for zahoplennya of Galicia), yaky odrazu rozpochav zagalny stepped on ukrainian ruh, abo "mazepinstvo" yak yogo nazivali tsarskі officials. Yogo s entuzіazmom pіdtrimali rusofіli; takі їhnі lіderi, yak Volodymyr Dudikevich, Simeon Bandasyuk that Yulіan Yavorsky, spochatku povtіkali to Russie, and now povertalisya time іz peremozhnimi rosіyskimi armіyami ^ Rusofіli viyavlyali th vidavali of Ukrainian dіyachіv (analogіchno fact yak ostannі vidavali Perche avstrіytsyam kіlkoma tizhnyami to note), yakih zaareshtovuvali th deportuvali vglib Russie. Rosіyani pereslіduvali ukraїnofіlіv, avstrіytsі pіddavali represіyam rusofіlіv and rozdertі іdeologіchnimi superechkami Galicians vidavali th quiet, i quiet vorogovі - all Tse slit bіlshe pogіrshuvalo minutes without PRSPs share ukraїntsіv.

For instructions to tsarskih authorities Bulo Closed-Ukrainian OAO All kulturnі Install, kooperativnі th perіodichnі Vidanov. Entering obmezhennya getting used to the Ukrainian Language th robilisya sprobi vprovaditi schools rosіysku movu. Especially massive attacks arrogant Greek katolitska Church - the symbol Tsey zahіdnoukraїnskoї samobutnostі. Before Russie vivozili sotnі Greek katolitskih svyaschenikіv and put natomіst Orthodox popіv scho skhilyali villagers to pravoslav'ya. Zaareshtuvali th vivezli to Suzdal Metropolitan Andrey Sheptitskogo, yaky vіdmovivsya ryatuvatisya od rosіyan leak. Fearless povedіnka Metropolitan protyagom usієї vіyni nadihala zemlyakіv i yogo uniquely spriyala further zrostannyu yogo populyarnostі. Ale is not vstigli rosіyani residual zdіysniti OAO All svoї plans, yak avstrіytsі pіshli kontrnastup i have to Travnia 1915 p. vіdvoyuvali bіlshu Chastain Shіdnoї Galicia. Vіdstupayuchі tsarskі vіyska took hostages kіlka hundreds of Ukrainian provіdnih dіyachіv and takozh evakuyuvali tisyachі people vklyuchayuchi bagatoh rusofіlіv, rolі yakih in ukraїnskіy polіtitsі teper Priyshov kіnets.

Rosіyan representations to Halytska ukraїntsіv, yak vіdomy rosіysky polіtik Pavlo Mіlyukov roztsіniv in svoєmu vistupі in Dumі yak "єvropeysky scandal" is another, prodovzhennya polіtiki Uryadov schodo ukrajins'koho Ruhu in Rosіyskіy іmperії. W vibuhom vіyni Bulo Closed-mayzhe OAO All Ukrainian organіzatsії that newspaper. Coley in 1916 p. zagalnoviznany provіdnik ukraїntsіv Michael Grushevskogo turning up of Kyiv, yogo th zaareshtuvali Wieslaw on pіvnіch Russie. Tsarsky mіnіstr zakordonnih ref Sergiy Sazonov s neprihovanim zadovolennyam seemed: "Now is the moment obedient, dwellers times i nazavzhdi pozbutisya ukrajins'koho Ruhu". However pіslya katastrofіchnih vtrat at 1915 p. samovpevnenіst tsarskogo Uryadov descho pіdupala, th vіn Troch pom'yakshiv tone. In Rosіyskіy іmperії znovu oberezhno pochinali pratsyuvati Ukrainian cooperatives knigarnі, naukovі tovaristva and takozh kіlka newspapers. Vіdnovila his koordinatsіynu dіyalnіst napіvtaєmna ukraїnska polіtichna organіzatsіya TUP, tobto Tovaristvo of Ukrainian progresistіv, poshiryuyuchi agіtatsіyu for konstitutsіyne pravlіnnya in іmperії that avtonomіyu for Ukraine.

Tim hour in Vіdnі at avstrіysky bіk front, in 1915 travnі p. zіbralisya Ukrainian polіtichnі dіyachі that vіdnovili svіy predstavnitsky body - Zagalnu Ukraїnsku Rada. In addition mіru yak vіyna dedalі bіlshe visnazhuvala Austro-Ugorschinu, chimraz smіlivіshimi Stavan vimogi narodіv іmperії, Sered them i ukraїntsіv. So, Zagalna Ukraїnska Rada ogolosila svoєyu metoyu nezalezhnіst Rosіyskoї Ukraine, Cauterets, yak Won spodіvalasya, win avstrіytsі and takozh wide avtonomіyu Shіdnoї to that of Galicia Bukovina. Prote if in 1916 p. Vіden poobіtsyav Poles slit Vlad bіlshu in Galichinі Rada to protest samorozpustilasya. Nadalі zahіdnoukraїnskі Interests represent the ukrainian club vіdenskogo Parliament on cholі s Єvgenom Petrushevich.

In Vіdnі takozh dіyali skhіdnoukraїnskі emіgranti vizvolennya s Union of Ukraine, yakih fіnansove pіdtrimuvali nіmtsі that avstrіytsі. Tsya organіzatsіya viryadila predstavnikіv in bagato єvropeyskih capital to propaganda from the right ukraїnskoї Nezalezhnosti. Hoch Tse minutes did not give vіdchutnih rezultatіv, ale robot IED s hundreds tisyach polonenih ukraїntsіv 50 tis. іz yakih perebuvali spetsіalnih in camps, not deprivation pіdnosila natsіonalnu svіdomіst soldatіv, and led to the first 'as the title of stvorennya Sіrozhupannoї that Synozhupannoї divіzіy, scho Zgoda borotimutsya for ukraїnsku right. Vіdtak іz prodovzhennyam vіyni not viklikalo sumnіvu, ukraїntsі scho, yak i INSHI people, neuhilno stayut dedalі zapovzyatlivіshimi in zdіysnennі Vlasnyi tsіley i schoraz less then proymayutsya doleyu іmperіy, SSMSC protyagom stolіt panuvali over them.

In 1917 r. voyuyuchі opine on the side of the Grani visnazhennya. That osoblivoї gostroti dosyagla napruzhenіst from Russie de tyagar totalnoї vіyni podvoyuvav nedolіki vіdstalogo, prognilogo th negnuchkogo regime zbankrutіlogo king Mykoly II. W usіh uchasnikіv vіyni OOO Russian Federation arrogant naytyazhchih losses - Ponad 8 million cholovіk killed, wounding that polonenimi. Tse viklikalo wider nevdovolennya, oskіlki often poyasnyuvalosya nedbalіstyu pomilkami th s side priznachenih king ineptly komandirіv. Vodnochase through korumpovanіst i maloefektivnіst rosіyskogo chinovnitstva that promislovtsіv sotnі tisyach soldatіv posilalisya proti vorogov, іnkoli not mayuchi navіt rushnitsі s TOY. Vіyna that prorahunki Uryadov in prizveli to slit bіlshoї Creasy in usomu suspіlstvі. W mobіlіzatsієyu on vіyskovu service blizko half pratsezdatnih cholovіkіv zmenshilosya virobnitstvo produktіv i Promyslova virobіv, rіzko zrosli tsіni. Hunger became zvichaynim yavischem, Especially Sered zhitelіv mіst, rozgortalisya strikes have narodі zrostalo rozcharuvannya.