Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Українізація

SOCA obіtsyanki povazhati principle samoviznachennya natsіy, SSMSC bіlshoviki allowed pid hour gromadyanskoї vіyni, SOCA utvorennya natsіonalnih Radyans'ka respublіk i pozіrno federalіstsky ustrіy CPCP komunіstichnіy partії in Pershi Rocky її pravlіnnya all slit vіdchutno brakuvalo pіdtrimki nerosіyskih narodіv. Vona was deprived of the crippling, overruling Russian authority, she did not admit to trespassing over the villages and non-Bolsheviks, but they did not know what to do, they did not know what to do. So, zokrema, Ukraine became "weak in the form of Radyansky Vladi", whilst recognizing himself Stalin himself. Tom, if nep zaspokoїv selianstvo, the party rozpochala campaign, spinnovanu na rozshirennya pidtrymki z boku nerosіyskikh narodiv, na zavoyuvannya їїгііоої прихильності.

In 1923 the river. On the 12th of July, the party of kerivnitsvo swarmed the crown of polarity . Vano hammered out with spindle gears, to achieve, at the party, that state apparatus was absent, the services were wagging and crocheting with the mass movi, and the state podtrimuvala cultural and social development of the younger nations. Український різновид цієї політики називався українізацією .

Перш ніж братися за українізацію, it was necessary to spend зміни in partіnom kerіvnitsvі Ukraine. Це керівництво it is most importantly stored from sentences із Москви радянських урядовців chi, місцевих євреїв. In the main mass of the stench did not show great rozumnіnja neobhіdnostі ukraїnіzatsії i more menshe buli shilni vtiluvati її. Prior to that, Bagato hto from them pidkreslenu demonstrivav Rosii zhnerhnost over "mostsevi."

So, one of the most prominent officials in the Ukrainian computer market, Dmitro Lebed, is not getting naughty, coming to Ukraine to the Ukrainian language, zvichiv, to the Ukrainian language. Vіn obstoyuvav so the title of "teorіyu Borotba dvoh cultures" s yakoї viplivalo scho oskіlki rosіyska culture on Ukraїnі pov'yazana s Progressive proletarіatom mіstom i have one hour yak culture ukraїnska - s i vіdstalim selyanstvom village, the culture of the early chi rosіyska pіzno peremozhe , І обв'язок комністів полягає in that, пoб підтримати цц "natural process".

Hoch ідеї цього діяча поділялися багама його зверхникамиу Москві, їх vvazhali odnochastnymi, to yogo, a number of інших визначних партійних чиновінівів-некракранців відкликали. On їhnі Plant priznachili such loyal i distsiplіnovanih predstavnikіv Moscow, yak Lazar Kaganovich (ukrainian єvrey, Cauterets ocholiv partaparat Ukraine is ready to second the CCB provoditi lіnіyu partії on ukraїnіzatsіyu) abo ukraїntsіv, SSMSC schiro zichili ukraїnіzatsії of Success. Before ostannіh nalezhali Vlas Chubar, scho zamіstiv Rakovskogo on posadі ukrajins'koho Radyans'ka head Uryadov, kolishnіy Borotbists Oleksandr Shumsky, scho ocholiv vіddіl agіtatsії that propaganda, i vsyudisuschy Old bіlshovik Mykola Skrypnyk, scho becoming komіsarom yustitsії. Lisha pislya yak buly uusunut z posad neokhitnі "rosіys'kі bureaucratic shovіnisti", yak їх nazivav Lenin, ukraineski radyanskyi order mіg britisja zdіysnennya novosti politiki.

Перші заходи українізації мали на меті розширити вживання української мови, especially at the party level. The necessity of this boule is obvious: in 1922, For one member of the Company of Ukraine, a kind of postyyno korstuvavsya Ukrainskoyu movoyu, fell seven quietly, hto rozmovav lishe rosiyskoyu, u seryazh ze spivvidnoshennya boule one to three. In serpnі 1923 р., Щоб усунути цю диспропорцію, partіynі ti uryadovі servіbіtsіі otrimali vkazіvkіu pass specialії organіzovіnі kursi ukraїнської мови. Tim, who did not vdalosya uspishno zakinchiti їх, zagrozhualo zvilnennya. In 1925 the river. The officials were punished with the bridging of Ukrainian customs in the so-called Uriadovoy Listvyannyi publikatsyakh. And in 1927 the river. Kaganovich, displeasing, all the Party membership in the dolovodstvo be kept Ukrainian. Попри відсутність pomitnogo ентузіазму the means of numerals of non-Ukrainian members of the succession of the new political party has given hostile results. Yaksho in the 1922 р. Ukrainian ukrainian molsh yak 20% Uryadovyh sprav, then in 1927 r.-vzhe 70%.

At the water hour, the number of Ukrainians was growing in the established institutions. In 1923 the river. Українці скдадали лише 35% серед урядових службовців і 23% - серед членів партії. Until 1926 - 1927, r. Їхня Part became 54% 52%. However, otrimavshi bіlshіst, Ukrainіzі peresіzhno zosereduzhuvalisya on the lower shtabli urodar-partіynoї ієррхії. Naprykінці 1920-х rockів їхнє imagined in the Central Committee did not overhear 25 % ..

Кампанія українізації охопила всі царини життя Радянської України. Naibilshy vpplyv won on osvita. On the contrary to the tsarist regime, Radi attached great respect to the shkilnitsvu, and to death in the tsar's hostility. Taka zainteresovannost clarify kolkom chinnikami: z ideologicheskogo point of view, shob obluguvati zrazkom nyogo fretu, radianske sospilstvo little bots osvichim; More than that, the settlement of the population was disturbed by the vibronic potential and the state of power; І нарешті, освіта надавала чудові можливості прищеплювати новим поколінням радянські цінності. Найбільш вражаючих успіхів досягли Ради in ліквідації неписменності. Pіd the hour of revolution with written buli close to 40% of the population of the city; Through 10 rockies - already 70%. On the village stretch of the book the writing was grown from 15 to ponad 50%. Oskilki masova osvitnya Campania was conducted by the Ukrainian name, then the width of the sign means the widening of the Ukrainian middle of the young.

Рушійною силою українізації системи освіти був М. Skripnik - head komіsarіatu освіти з 1927 по 1933 р. Pratsyuchi z mayzhe obsessed with zapovzyistyu, vin domegsya that, sho in kulminatsіnomu for українізації 1929 р. Ponad 80% of zagalnoosvіtnіh shkіl і 30% of whіch іtbіvі nіtіvі wе nаvčannіna vіklychnoі Ukrainіsku mіvoyu. 97% of Ukrainians dived together in a rude fashion. Spodіvalysya, scho rosіyska єvreyska menchostі, mayuchi mozhivіst nаvchatisya rosіyskoyu movoyu, at the same time pass a course of Ukrainian language. Prior to the revolution, if the Ukrainians did not practice the practicality, the Ukrainians could deprive them of it so that they could set up Skripnik through 10 rock.

Uspikh cih zahodiv bouvim bilsh vrazhayuchim, yakschoo vrachovuvati hard, yaki stood on the shlyahu, especially nestachu kvalіfіkovanikh vikladachiv. The program of the Ukrainian Vimagal 100 yew. Teachers, and їх. Bula more than 45 yew. Tsya nagalnaya demand shtynulu Skripnik before you ask me to ask for the number of thousands of teachers from Galicia, or did not yomu dvastati at tse dosed Moscow, it is possible, to that, rado ryadanski lisikala vysoka natsionalnogo svydomomist Galichans. Not vistachalo takozh bugatokh pidruchnikiv. Іnsha problem, especially as a ghost in the University, pologa in that, sho rosіyani (and stench became bilshist vikladachiv universities), often vidmovlyalis korostustavsya "selyanskoi" 'mono. Tipovim u tskomu plani buv visliv professor Tolstoy z Odesi: "I'm vvazhayu ... vseh comrades, kotry pereishli chitannya lektsyy Ukrainsky monoyu, renegades." However, in the universities of the Ukrainian student's school, they began to walk in a breeze. Швидка українізація освіти fostered zarostniy zagalnyh tune natsionalnogo optymizmu, scho ikh catching the writer Boris Antonenko-Davidovich: "At the march miollion on the road to the Ukrainian school" vinchav "vogon great vidrodzhennia."

Analogy vіdrodzhennya experienced the Ukrainian pressa, yaku zhorstoko pridushuvav tsar's regime і for the anchor Pershyroka radyanskoe vladi did not bolei nasztjatlivshimi. In 1922 the river. З усіх публікованих на Україні кцижок лише 27% could be seen in Ukraine, almost all of which were close to 10 newspapers and hourlies. Until 1927 p. Ukrainskoyu movoyu drukulavalsya bіlsh yak half a book, and in 1933 р. Of the 426 newspapers in the republic, 373 appeared to be a monad.

Українська мова була впроваджена в офіцерськихї schools that great parts of the Vіys'k Reservoir in Ukraine - передусім внаслідок skrink Skripnik on those, scho Chervona Armіya є засобом русифікації. Існували навіть the plan of reorganization of the army for the territorial principle. Yak is not marvelous, the designers have defeated the team of the Chervona Army, ^ ot not the Buly Ukrainians, yak Mihailo Frunze and Yona Yakir.

Щоб українізація мала довготривалі наслідки, необхідно було покласти The edge of the Russian cultural monopolies in the worlds. Socially-economical zmіni, scho became in the 1920s rock, scraped pribіchnіv Ukraіnіzіzії to dumki, scho tse mozhna zdіsniti. Masovy course on industrialization, rozpochaty Radami in 1928., creating a great demand in local inventions. Водночас політика колективізації зганила з землі багатьох селян. Unassociated with the Ukrainian garden of Ukrainian peasants were seen in the mesta, dokorinno - zmіnemichi etnіchny warehouse proletariatu y mіskogo poplennya v tsilomu. So, yakshcho in 1923 r. In such important provisional centers, Yak Kharkiv, Lugansk and Dnipropetrovsk, the Ukrainians stored 38, 7 and 16% of bags, then in 10 rockies the part grew to 50, ZI and 48%. Until the middle of the 30s, the rockiv Ukrainians overran the Mayzes in the midst of the great mosques. The programs of the Ukrainians have spiked їх зберігати рідну мову і not go to російську, як це траплялося раніше. On the territory of Ukraine, yak і skrіz y Scіdnіy Європі, culture i мова sільської більшості, zasalosya, підпорядкує собі культура и мову міської меншості.

His own successes, the politics of Ukraine, yak, vtim, did not go so far, so that the Skripnik with unconfiguration, nasampered zavdychuvala to that, ooo vona bula povyazyana iz zagalnim process of modernizatsii. Not patriotism and non-traditionalism of buli are the main causes of the decline of the Ukrainian people. The goal was to clarify the timetable, the Ukrainian crash, nizh be-yaka іnshova mova, gave ім змогу здобути освіту, брати корсну інформацію з newspapers and hourlies, спілкаватися зі слубоцції виконувати свої профійні обов'язки. Zavdyaki polіticіі Ukraіchnії Ukraіchnії мова has ceased to be romantic but it has not been recognized yet. It has become an icon of the countryside. Natomіst Won peretovyuvalasya on the basic zasіb spіlkuvannya th self-vigilance суспільства, schо modernized.