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Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

5. agrarian reform P. Stolipіna

Provadyachi Borotba s revolyutsіynimi ruhami head for mіnіstrіv Petro Stolipіn (1862-1911) hotіv stvoriti on selі mіtsnu grupu Zamozhniy gospodarіv, SSMSC boule b opozitsієyu proti sotsіyalіstichnih іdey. Vіn viznavav nedotsіlnim konfіskatsіyu land from Zamozhniy zemlevlasnikіv. Before 1905 they rock vzaєmovіdnosini mіzh nobles-pomіschikami that villagers uniquely zmіnilisya. For ostannі Rocky sold villagers, head of poserednitstvom Selyanske Bank, 26,000,000 tithes dvoryanskih s land; 16.000.000 merchants that sold torgovelno-Promyslova pіdpriєmstvam. In the hands of the villagers skupchilosya, once s nadіlnimi lands 165,000,000 tithes from vsіy іmperії and the nobility zalishilosya 53,000,000 acres. So rank, eksproprіyatsіya Tsikh pomіschitskih land on korist selyanstva could not radically zmіniti encampments villagers. Treba Bulo translate ґruntovnі reform.

HEAD Galmier in rozvitku sіlskogo Gospodarstwa Stolipіn vbachav in "obschinі" to yakoї boule prikrіplenі Selanne i yakoї tyazhiv control over them. The peasant did not refuse to leave mіg її not mіg prodatsya land yakoyu koristuvavsya, the fact scho Won nalezhala "obschinі". Іsnuvannya "community" did not give mozhlivosti zastosovuvati lіpshі zasobi virobnitstva, vprovadzhuvati Krashchi sіvozmіni, koristatisya sіlskogospodarskimi machines, piece dobrivami. "Community" Provadia. village Shlyakhov pavperizatsії scho zagrozhuvalo revolyutsієyu. Yakscho "community" shkіdlivo vplivala on sіlske Gospodarstwa tsentralnoї іmperії then slit gіrshі naslіdki sprichinyala won for Ukraine, de population Bulo zvichne to іndivіdualnogo Gospodarstwa to hutorіv.

Dwellers zapobіgti revolyutsії th stvoriti mіtsne selyanstvo, Stolipіp perevіv agrarian reform, s tsієyu metoyu provіvshi through the Duma kіlka zakonіv. The law of the 9th leaf fall 1909 roku giving rights usіy sіlskіy gromadі perehoditi on the farm (in Russie tse called "bran"). In Ukraїnі z 1861 roku іsnuvalo tons. Guestrooms. "Podvіrne" zemlevolodіnnya: land vvazhalasya vlasnіstyu tsіloї Rodin, її not vіlno prodavatsya Bulo th dіlili mіzh members of their homeland. Teper cutaneous peasants mіg viyti s "podvіrnogo" Gospodarstwa i Why vlasnikom svoєї zemlі. Tіlki ugіddya - lіs, sіnozhatі - zostavalisya in spіlnomu volodіnnі.

Selanne Pocha pokidati village; in deyakih villages Volinі zostalisya tіlki churches, schools, kramnitsі. Zemlі, scho boule ranіshe in rіznih klaptyah now ob'єdnuvali one tsіlіst. Kasuvalosya primusovu sіvozmіnu.

In Ukraїnі agrarian reform Stolipіna small naybіlshy uspіh, i number of villagers, SSMSC to 1st sіchnya 1916 rock zakrіpili land іndivіdualnu vlasnіst, Bulo naybіlshim. Todі, Yak 40 gubernіyah Evropeyskoї Russie colo 24% gospodarіv viyshlo s "community", 50.7% zakrіpili land on Pravoberezhnіy Ukraїnі have Pіvdennіy Ukraїnі - 34.2%, to Lіvoberezhzhі - 13.8%.

Agrarian reform viklikala witch representations zboku great zemlevlasnikіv, SSMSC boyalisya vtratiti robіtnikіv, that sotsіyalіstіv rіznih napryamkіv, SSMSC rozumіli, scho tsya reform lіkvіduє sіlsky proletarіyat. In Ukraїnі deprivation poodinokі velikі zemlevlasniki, yak Kharitonenko, Tereshchenko, Chykalenko, Je Zhuravsky (gubernsky marshal Volinі) - put up neї spriyatlivo.

Great hiboyu reform Stolipіna boule visokі tsіni for SSMSC passed pomіschitskі zemlі villagers through Selyanske Bank, i tse robilo zemlі nedosyazhnimi for selyanskoї masi.

Stolipіnska agrarian reform vіdkrila mozhlivіst further relocation of villagers on vіlnі zemlі pose Urals. Dіstavshi land from vlasnіst i Sold її, villagers relocated to Masov Azії. Tsei ruh pomіtno zbіlshivsya pіslya 1906 roku. However, the villagers bagato povertalosya zvіdti not znayshovshi vіdpovіdnih minds for Zhittya. Tse poyasnyuє the following table (the number of filed pereselentsіv s tsіloї Rosіyskoї іmperії):

Doba mіzh revolyutsієyu 1905 rock that svіtovoyu vіynoyu 1914-17 rokіv harakterizuєtsya INCREASING diferentsіyatsієyu village. Verhіvka villagers statechnі gospodarі skupchuvali svoїh in the hands of the land, factories Gospodarstwa vischogo type koristalisya sіlskogospodarskimi machines buduvali Mlini. In znachnіy mіrі on Relief villagers came zemstvos perevazhno on Poltavschinі, Chernіgіvschinі, SSMSC organіzuvali "zluchnі" Paragraph s racial rozplіdnikami, vipisuvali sіlskogospodarskі machine, peredayuchi їh in timchasova koristuvannya villagers abo prodayuchi "on ratification"; zemstvos buduvali ELEVATOR, organіzuvali zbut zbіzhzhya across the border. Poltava district council pridbalo navіt Vlasnyi glider for vivozu zbіzhzhya. Zemstva dbali about melіoratsіyu, lіkvіdatsіyu bagnisch, yarіv; zasіvali pіschanі space, organіzuvali asekuratsіynі that dopomogovі toscho banks.

For the Poor Peasants worked kustarnі promisli rіznogo genus SSMSC gave mozhlivіst pіdroblyati not kidayuchi sіlskogo Gospodarstwa she did not vihodyachi s village. For artisanal virobіv, SSMSC zdobuli Velika Glory to Ukraine, organіzovano vistavki scho spriyalo prodazhevі quiet virobіv yak in furrows Rosіyskoї іmperії, so i behind a cordon. Zemstva dopomagali note hto viїzdiv h Ukraine. Relief Velika village gave kooperativnі mortgage pіdtrimuvanі Reigning banks that zemstvos. Contribution to the villagers sіlskih bankіv zrostali s with such a shvidkіstyu scho 20 rokіv pіdneslisya s 300,000,000 rublіv (for vsіy іmperії) to 2,000,000,000 rublіv.

Ukraine cooperation small vіddanih pratsіvnikіv, yak "artіlny dad" Mikola Levitsky, yaky of 90-rokіv vіv their promotion of cooperative organіzatsіy on selі th dopomagav zakladati kooperativnі artіlі - hlіborobskі that remіsnichі. Co-operative Movement in rozgortavsya duzhe Shvydko: from 1913 to rotsі Kiїvschinі Bulo 900 on Podіllі - 600 spozhivchih tovaristv. Bagato spriyali rozgortannyu cooperative Ruhu Domanitsky V., M. Porsche, B, Sadovsky. Vihodili spetsіyalnі chasopisi - "Our cooperation" vіdbuvalis kooperativnі z'їzdi. We fought kooperatsії Dvi techії: odnі cooperators hotіli pour ukraїnsku kooperatsіyu in zagalnorosіysku, INSHI - obstoyuvali okremu, ukraїnsku company profile.

Revolyutsіya 1905 rock small velichezny vpliv on rozvitok ukrajins'koho Ruhu. Pozhvavlennya viyavilosya in zasnuvannі of Ukrainian chasopisіv on vsіh bіlshih mіstah - at Kiєvі, Poltavі, Harkovі, Odesі, Lubna, Katerinoslavі, Moskvі, Peterburzі. Pocha zasnovuvati vidavnitstva. In Peterburzі, pid redaktsієyu B Domanitskogo, viyshlo Pershe Povny Vidanov "Kobzar" Shevchenko. In 1906 rotsі pereїhav VovaZiL'vova up of Kyiv M. Grushevskogo, perenіsshi s themselves Vidanov "Lіteraturno-Naukova Vіsnika" Navkolo yakogo Title Deed Ukrainian, pismenniki. Magazine "Kiєvskaya Ol 'pereyshov on ukraїnsku movu th zmіniv their titles to" up Ukraine. " Roku 1907 zasnovano in Kiєvі Ukraїnske Naukova Tovaristvo on cholі s M. Grushevskogo, yaky zaynyav Pershe Location Sered of Ukrainian Naukova that polіtichnih dіyachіv. Zasnovano in Ukraїnі kіlka іnshih chasopisіv "Dzvіn", "Ukrainian hut", "Rіdny Edge", "village", "Posіv" she INSHI. Kiev became lіteraturnim oseredkom Ukraine.

W 1905 roku Pocha vikladati in unіversitetah ukraїnskoyu movoyu: in Odesі vikladav O. Grushevskogo іstorіyu Ukraine have Harkovі O. Sumtsov - іstorіyu lіteraturi. In Kiїvskomu unіversitetі kursіv Ukrainian Language not Bulo.

In Ukraїnі zasnovano novі visokі School: Komertsіyny Іnstitut i Vischі Zhіnochі courses - at Kiєvі, Harkovі, Odesі. Sunset zemstvoes UKRAINE vkrilasya Ryasna trammel shkіl rіznih stupenіv - Pochatkova, profesіynih, progіmnazіy. Zemstva Lіvoberezhnoї Ukraine bagato robili for pogliblennya natsіonalnoї svіdomosti population have Poltavі vlashtovuvali for vchitelіv Kursi ukraїnoznavstva, ni yakih vikladali lіpshі naukovі Seeley. Vlashtovuvali vistavki ukrajins'koho Mistetstvo. Kadri іnstruktorіv gave konsultatsії in oseredkah skupchennya artisanal virobіv. In Poltavі for project B. Krichevskogo for Gubernіyalnoї Zemskoї council zbudovano "Zemsky Dim" -vidatny zrazok ukrajins'koho Mistetstvo. Vzagalі bula great rіznitsya access in all cultures Galuzo mіzh gubernіyami Lіvoberezhzhya de zemstvos pratsyuvali s of the cob, i Pravoberezhnye With Ukraine, de introduced in 1912 їh rotsі.