Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska-Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 2

2. Naperedodnі Revolyutsії 1917 roku

Vіyna zatyaguvalasya. Fronts were mayzhe not for Change. In travnі 1916 roku, znovu on vimogu soyuznikіv, rosіyskі vіyska pіvdenno-zahіdnogo front, pid wire General A. Brusіlova, zavdali avstrіytsyam serious porazok i zaynyali wide Smuga of Galicia that Volinі. "Brusіlovsky" stepping uniquely dopomіg Frantsії, yak nіmtsі tіsnili pid Verdun, ale Tsey come for rosіyskogo front giving nebagato.

Two Rocky vіyni koshtuvali Rosіyskіy іmperії duzhe expensive: Scored Bulo 1,500,000, wounding colo 4.000,000, polonenih Ponad 2,000,000. Otzhe todі, yak on the cob vіyni at the front stood 6.000.000 people, two prophets vtracheno 7,500,000. Buli Chastain, in yakih not zostalosya greedy personnel Petty Officer (vіdsotok vtrat elders CCB far bіlshy, nіzh vіdsotok vtrat soldatіv). Poklikat Bulo 15,000,000 "spare" is the rekrutіv, SSMSC not pass nalezhnoї drill.

W other side - dosyagnennya in vіyskovomu postachannі for Tsei hour boule kolosalnі: rushnits in 1916 rotsі viroblyali vdvoє bіlshe, nіzh in rotsі 1914 kulemetіv - in 6 razіv bіlshe, Garmatnaya naboїv - at 9 razіv and deyakih kalіbrіv y 16 razіv, Garmat - in 4 Razi. Krіm that in 1915 rotsі OOO Russian Federation Pocha oderzhuvati od soyuznikіv velicheznu Quantity zbroї i amunіtsії: for the 1916 rd Year Won gained 9.500 kulemetіv, 8,000,000 naboїv, 446 vazhkih Garmat. Ale armіya vtratila spirit. Tse vzhe boule Vlasnyi not a soldier, but "zapasnі" - reserve, starі guys, i zovsіm molodі hloptsі, yakimi komanduvali "warrant reserve", not kadrovі elders and tsivіlnі people scho proyshli kіlkamіsyachny vishkіl.

In Russie Dovgy hour not vіdchuvalosya "Tovarov hunger" ale tsіni postіyno zertali, pіdnіsshis peresіchno in two Razi and smut - zmіnilosya spіvvіdnoshennya tsіn: in Ukraїnі, napriklad to vіyni mozhna Bulo for pіvtora pounds pshenitsі buy pud zalіza; in 1916 rotsі pud zalіza koshtuvav 6 pudіv pshenitsі; for pud pshenitsі mozhna Bulo buy 10 yards of percale ( "calico"), and the rock 1916 - tіlki two i etc. Povolі ekonomіka Pocha zahituvatis... Zalіznitsі not cope s transported in Promyslova centers not vistachalo produktіv, obnizilas produktivnіst pratsі, more kvalіfіkovanih robіtnikіv zamіnyali zhіnki; pіdlіtki, voєnnopolonenі. Pocha pereboї in pratsі tsukrovaren, mlinіv.

In sіlskomu gospodarstvі not vistachalo cholovіkіv, horses, remanent. Posіvna Ploscha in 1916 rotsі zmenshilasya in Ukraїnі to 1.900.000 tithes Gurtovaya zbіr zbіzhzhya in porіvnyannі s p. 1913 obnizivsya to 200,000,000 pudіv. Naybіlshe poterpіli malozemelnі villagers: on the 1917 rd Year in Ukraїnі s 3,980,000 Selyanske Gospodarstwa 640.000 not mali zasіvіv, 1,400,000 no mali horses, and 1,142,000 no mali korіv.

1916 rd Year poznachivsya near straykіv that zavorushen scho vіdbuvalisya pid extinguished "Get out s vіynoyu". Especially bagato Bulo їh in Donbasі - in Gorlіvtsі, Bahmugі in Katerinoslavі, Harkovі, Mikolaєvі - there de boule velikі Creek. Keruvali timey zavorushennyami pіdpіlnі sotsіyalіstichnі organіzatsії. Tsey nastrіy perekidavsya the front vnaslіdok chogo tsіlі shelves vіdmovlyalisya Iti in bіy. Encampment pogіrshuvali masi "spare" SSMSC mіsyatsyami sidіli in kasarnyah, chekayuchi, if їh vishlyut the front. Pong sidіli without DILA, bo not vistachalo rushnits to drill, "Zapasnі" boule easily zdobicheyu for revolyutsіynih agіtatorіv, 3 drive vibuhu zavorushen komanduvach Kiїvskoї Vіyskovoї Parishes wrote in the Supreme golovnokomanduvacha "not zvazhayuchi on represivnі come in, insurrection, yak infection spalahuyut in one, in іnshomu punktі i typed ostannіm hour Grand poshirennya. "

Krivava vіyna, without prospects, іz fronts SSMSC were neporushno, misrepresented vsіh. Unpopular vischy provіd viklikav nezadovolennya in Derzhavnіy Dumі, Sereda vіyska have zapіllі. Postіyna zmіna mіnіstrіv pіdrivala to them dovіr'ya. Virіshuvannya ref powers, people zdebіlshogo stale od NKVD simpatіy chi antipatіy monarch tsaritsі, diktuvalos poboyuvannyami scho that abo Inshyj mіnіster Got zv'yazki s Reigning dumoyu, local boards. Of acceptance of the king rolі High golovnokomanduvacha, zamіst popular Grand Duke Nicholas Mykolajovych, right at the masі population neґativne vrazhennya, vono robilo king vіdpovіdalnim for pomilki that nevdachі i pozbavlyalo yogo avreolі. Perebuvannya prince - lad Oleksіya in Stavtsі slapped їy private nature. In broad kolah, pochinayuchi s chlenіv tsarskoї Rodini th zakіnchuyuchi zvichaynim peasants, zrostala vorozhіst to tsaritsі Oleksandr, yak factuality of the administering Power, i tse pіdrivalo whether yak dovіr'ya to Vlady.

Vorozhі nastroї zrostali vnaslіdok of kolosalnoe value yak zdobula Lyudin s dark passed, Rasputіn. Vіn koristavsya uspіhom in vischih areas of St. Petersburg, Yomou bezmezhno dovіryala queens Oleksandra, vіn vplivav on mіnіstrіv, s it musіli rahuvatisya chuzhozemnі diplomats. Dіstayuchi velicheznі Costa, kurtazhі, vіn MAV "office", scho ruled yogo fіnansami. About rolyu Rasputіna puts power in Derzhavnіy Dumі, ale protektsіya tsaritsі ohoronyala Yogo. Shirilisya legend about Yogo nіmetsku orієntatsіyu, about Yogo vsevladu - i tse all kompromіtuvalo monarhіyu.

On the cob 1916 roku mіnіster vnutrіshnіh ref Khvostov Suka Sered sluzhbovtsіv mіnіsterstva lady, yak navazhilasya b clogged Rasputіna, bo not mozhna Bulo legally zasobami pozbutisya Yogo. For Qiu sprobu Khvostov paid mіnіsterskim post. In seredinі Pectoral of railway rock Rasputіna scored - Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, brother of the others of the king, Prince F. Yusupov, cholovіk tsarevoї plemіnnitsі that Purishkevich right deputies Derzhavnoї Dumi. Warehouse zmovnikіv svіdchit, yak great significance slapped osobі Rasputіna in nayblizhchomu otochenі king.

Ale death Rasputіna not given nіchogo positive, navpaki became gіrshe, more viyavilosya, scho reason dashing bula not Rasputіnovі. In chlenіv tsarskoї Rodin, Derzhavnoї Dumi, vischogo vіyskovogo komanduvannya front zrostalo perekonannya scho zalishatisya s such a king is not, you can: potrіbny coup. Buli rіznі varіyanti: zrechennya king on korist Sina abo brother Mikhailo, abo Grand Duke Nicholas Mykolajovych. Progressive Blok Derzhavnoї Dumi, memo obmіrkovuvavshi tse power, hotіv zorganіzuvati palatsovy coup i finished off vіdpovіdalnogo mіnіsterstva, dwellers zapobіgti revolyutsії, more Bulo clear revolyutsіya pid hour vіyni Nese for powers velicheznu zagrozu,