home History Історія України - Полонська Василенко Наталія: Том 1

Історія України - Полонська Василенко Наталія: Том 1

D) Cosatstvo

In the 14th century, the Cossacks began to sing in the Ukraine, while in the rock of rock they poured a large value. The ear of the cossack, the yak of the populace inhabited by the population, is hard to put up. In ti chasi, if Ukraine has been poisoned by Tatar attacks, energies, smolivi people have been viruses in the steppe, on "go away" - polyvati on a wild beast, take up ribbalism, zbirannyam honey wild bdjil. Zhittya in the steppe, the middle of the nezbezek riznogo clan, їх manila bіshe, nizh zhittya in villages ta. Містах. People moved around in a group, a group of people, they hastily dusted, and in times of consumption, they attacked the Tatars, bombing them with "yasir" and receiving leanness. Kindly know steppe yogo stitches, crinits, yaras, stinks became not unsuccessful for Tatars by a wolf. For the winter, the "caregivers" turned to their own donkeys - Kaneva, Kiyeva, Cherkas, sily - and there rozporopshuvalis middle groups of these groups, z yakih vishli. There were stinks from riznyh staniv: villagers, boyars, men; Buli of the midst of them navіt prince-manati, yakih pribmyvala stihіya stepu yogo with the help. Ukhodniki were reorganized in the post-war defenses of Ukraine.

Zgodom "caregivers" cease to spin up to its own donkey, gambling, spoiled by the Tatars. In the XIV century. The name "Cossack" should be written first. At the vocabulary of the Polovtsy monastery from 1303 to the rock "Kozak" - to mean the war, the warrior. In a few words of the Turkish "Kozak", meaning a rose, a person is unreliable, a Volocuga . So rozumili stan kozatstva suisidy-turki. It is possible that the word "Cossack" meant not a spoiler.

In the XV century. Termin "kozak" vzhivayut vzhe vіdnosno українців. To Rock 1492, the Tatar Khan clattered to the Grand Dukes of Oleksandrov on that cynical Cherkassian, and attacked the Tartar ship under Tuginei. At tse prince vidpov, scho vin punishing "potrusiti" kozakiv. Rock 1499 in literacy m. Kyevu zgaduєtsya kozakіv z okolits Dnipra 1502 р. Київські that Cherkasy Cossacks attacked the Tatar ambassador; 1504 р. Menlyi-Ґirey scammed the Grand Dukes of Oleksandrov on kozakiv, but they plundered the Tartar merchants that sat. 1520 р. Grand Prince prikuchiv Senkov Polozovich, governors of Cherkassy old age, povybuvati kozakіv for the state service and vidraviti prota Tatars.

Такі перші розрізнені відомості про українських козаків. In the XVI century. To start on one's own initiative. The earliest organizer of the bullets Ostap Dashkevich, the head Cherkassky, Predslav Lyantskoronsky, the elders of Khmelnytsky, Bernard Pret-vich, the elder Barsky, Semyon Polozovich, the headman Cherkassky; Buli blue magnativ, yak prince Zaslavsky, Zbarazky, Koretsky, Ruzhinsky, Sanuushki i іn. The fate of the cih osib vkazuє, the great yaku in the defense of Ukraine, the protivars of the Tatars invaded kozaki і як високо цінили їх допомогу вищі предвники адміністрації земли, що їх its own vіysskom detachment нездатний був охороняти.

Viznachnim organizatorom kozatstva buv prince Dmytro Baida Vishnevetsky , yak , in 1640-their rockets ob'ednav rozporsheni grupa kozakiv and povchav budujvati for nickname tverdinju on the Dnipro Island Hortitsi , below the thresholds . So put the ear of Zaporizhzhu .

Vyshnovenky asked the Lithuanian order for help "people and literature", or for the characteristic for the contract: do not give any help, it's not for the sake of Tatars and Turks. Ultyi of the same fate of the Tatar Turks huddled Khortytsya. Vyshnevetsky with the Cossacks came to Cherkas. Not mavshi nadії on допомогу литовського уряду, він zvernuvsya to Moskvi, yaka gave yomu great the power of money and місто Білев з довколишнімиі селами. Spilny pohіd з Московськими військами against the Tatars without giving a nichogo. Moscow squad throwing Vishnevensky to the Caucasus for battle with cherkasses, Ales Vishnevetsky turning to Ukraine.

Rock 1561 Сіґізмудн-Авґуст, Щоб не дратувати татар, вислав козаків Вишневецького до Лівонії, на виййну проти Москви. Pislya Vishnevetsky piddavsya spokusі stati Moldovan gentleman, ala volochi zaradili yogo and saw the Turks. In 1563, the Russian yogi is stricken. Baida-Vishnevetsky was embraced in the memory of the Ukrainian people, a hero-zahysnik of Ukraine.

However, the zigibelly Vishnevenskogo cossack organisation did not rash. Pislya yogo death of the Cossacks fell asleep on the Dnieprowich Islands kish Sich . In 1580-their rock is inhabited by the term "sichov" Cossacks . Kozaktvu vvazalo itself self-sistem vіys'kovo-politichnuyu power and cycling nezalezhnu vіd Polschі polіtiku: styling agreement with Moscow, Krim, Туреччиною, Молдавією.

Постійні походи козаків на Крим викликали скарги та podrozi татар та турків, і 1572 року Sігізмунд-Август, having assured the Crown Hetmanov Yazlovetsky property "реєстр" з 300 козаків, що мали б одержувати пвну планю за охорону прикордонних замків і підлягали б тільки кронному гетьманові. Zvichayno, tse number of bools zamale, і reshta kozakіv, scho їh pierced "nizovimi", sold live on Zaporizhzhi, Roku 1582 Stefan Batoriy zbіlshiv реєстр козаків до 500, and пізніше brought yogo to 1000. їh center-stanitsyu is recognized m. Terekhtemiriv, de Vlashtovano shpital for old people that khvorich kozakiv.

Nizovі Cossacks were created in the XVI century. On Zaporizhzhya vіys'ku organizatsiyu, yaka with small zmіami trivala until the XVIII century. Here buli people vsіh stіnіv, різних націй, але всі були рівні і took fate in Radi, yaka virishuvala actualnі pіtnіnya, obyrala elders - hetmana, osalіv, sudіvі, oboznogo, clerk.

In the XVI - XVII century. Cossack Masa lived near the Vishnevsky camp, is small up to 38 kurens, on which some otamani stood; Gospodarstvo boolo spilne, vijsko zabezpecchuvanno їжею, зброєю. Already, in the 16th century, differentiation began to take hold: the Cossacks appeared, the women's wives, the nobles, and the "syroma", the bidnota was not an hour of the imperious shirt. The main dzherlo існування козацтва була військова здобич з атаів на Татар.

Zaporozhtsi mali its vlasnu flute- "gulls," chow on 50-70 osib, harmatami, yakimi stink vyplyvali by the sea. In the XVI century. Zaporozhtsy, pereonyavshy from the Tatars їх військову tactics, Go upstairs, and even before the battle they began to write, they became for them a non-inveterate invader.

At Sich not allowed zhinok і дітей. The homeland of the Cossacks was called "the townspeople", the stench of their own government and baggage at Bratslavshchina, Barshchini, Kyivshchina. Січові козаки steel on the ways vlasnih zovnіshnіh відносин. Naprikinsky XVI century. The stink went into Moldovan spravi. Pislya borotby applicant on the Moldovan throne, one of them, Ivonya , I dopomagav Polish order, zmobіlizuvavshy Bratslav that barskih kozakiv, buv take in full of Turks and passions. Після смерти Івоні з'явився in Україні нібито brother yogo, Іван Підкова. At the helm Pіdkovі зібрався загін з 600 низових козаків, який на чолі з гетьманом Шахом at 1577 році going to Moldavia. The stinks were given to the capital of the Moldavia Yasi, the street was abandoned, the Turkish came to Poland. Pідкову схоплено і страчено у Львові. Pislya that stretching 20 rockov kozaki z rіznimi vatazhkami, it is more important nivyshkami Іvonі, went to Moldova with rіznim uspіhami. To Rock 1599 Polish squad having fixed the mister of Moldavia boyar Єremіju to the Grave.

Внаслідок усpішних походів the Cossacks became a vignette of the Scythian-European policy, the Zokrem of the Borotby against Turechcini.

Go kozakіv width of the glory in Europe.

Znachennya kozakіv vobyavlya zverennya before them tsisarya Rudolfi II in 1594 rotsi ta papi Clement VIII, yaki zaklikali kozakіv uklasti z Nimecchinoyu union for Borotby ts Turechchinoyu. Ambassador ciclar Erich Lyasota arriving to Ostrava Bazavluk, on Zaporizka Sich, i viv talk to the foreman, yak warden of the non-levy power.

At zvyazyka with the agreement Severin Nalyvayko, the nobleman on the services of Kostyantyn Ostrozky, leaving the prince and the elderly Cossacks to go against the Turks to Moldavia. To the helper Nalivaykov prišov hetman Grigoriy Loboda . Spivnimi forces of the Cossacks rozbili vіysko Moldavskogo gospodar, priomusili yogo zrektisya turkish vasalitetu i ovsyagti tsisarev. Pislya once with a gentleman went to Tyagin, Bilgorod, Kiliya, Ackerman. At the base of the stink, they were hanged by the "nevirnimi".

Після того головна увага козаків звернулася на події in Речі Посполитій, де почася селянські rebel against the Polish gnіtu, який збільшився після Люблинської унії. Bagato villagers tikalo on Zaporizhzhya, bringing an atmosphere of protest. Rock 1591 по Україні пронеслася перша хвиля восстань, викликаних Christopher Kosinsky , yakomu for service in kozatskomu реєстровому війську mastiffs are put. Tse nadannya protested Bilotserkivsky head elder Prince Janusz Ostrozky. Todi Kosinsky pіdnyav rebel kozakіv, before yakih priadnalosya bagatoy villagers. The stinkers attacked Bila Tserkov, the Ostrozky masturbation. Rebellion hunted Kyivschyna, Wolin, Podillja. Lisha in 1593 rotsі rebestitsiv rozbito bilya P'yatka, not far from Chudnov, and neobarom scored by Kosinsky.

What is important is the information on the names of Severin Nalivaika; Vіn himself resembling Podillia - Gusyatina chi Satanova, from the localities Kalinowski. Father Yogi, kushnir, scoring Kalinowski to death. Severin and his brother Dem'yan knew the hub of Prince Kostyantin Ostrozky, and Dem'yan became a priest there, borrowing crossbars and original creative work. Severin, the lyudin was illuminated, and the buvo of the good-hearted guns. At 1594 rotsi vіn zorganizuvav zagіn, before yaкогоki there were villages, putnі ta panzerni boyars, zbrynі servants - vzagali lower shari vіyskіvі people, і з гетманом Лободою walking around 1594-1595 рр. On Moldavia yak is an ally of the Nimets Cossack, but it has been yogo authority in the eyes of the cossack. З Молдавії він submitted to Bratslavshchina, de Z 1592 from the beginning of the conflict, confiscated from the korolivskimi detachments.

Міщани з Пикова підтримували козаків since the insurgency of Kosinsky. To Rock 1593 the conflict with the localities of Bratslavshchyna was ignited by the Korolyov sergeants. Oncoming to the rock of the starost Strus skarzhivsya on svavolo mischan. The stinkers firmly declared that they did not recognize the yogo-vladi, they struck down yogi vysku.

3 napoymoyu Nalivayka brazlavskyi moscheni, attacked 1954 rock on the gentry, drove the head of Otrusya, they bought a lot of that castle and asked for the people's rights to the Mikko Posadnik Tikovich on choli. Rukh spilling over to Barschina. So trivalo until the spring of 1595 rock. At the helm of the libertinous ruin, Severin Nalyvayko , Grigory Loboda, Colonel Matviy Shaula, began . Witches - the middle of them Catholic bispek Vereshchynskyy - wrote about the plots of the snowballing of an independent cossack republic on the map of the Dnipro. Наливайко хотів зорганізувати козацьку провінцію між Дністром та Богом, Щоб звідти fight with tatars that Turks.

Walk Nalyvayka rasvorushili villages: "all Ukraine skozachil, zdesdnikiv always zapadnikiv that shpiguniv", - writing the Polish henchman. The rebellion hunted a wide area, spread to Bilorus - Sluchin, Mogilivshchyna. In 1596, the rebels rebelled not to the gentry, but to special opponents of the Orthodox. Polske pangya boulo bezilyle podolati rebeltsіv і pannіі tіkalo.

1596 р. Під Гострим Каменем військо польського гетьмана Станислава Жолкєвкого in fight with insurgents has learned a wicked, as well as rebel takozhi mali velikі vtrati i vidsti Dnepr. They were daughters of women with children, they were afraid to remember the Poles, and they were always in the habit of finding shelter. Повстанці сподівалися знайти підтримку серед селян Полтавщини, але по дорозі їх having enthroned the hetman Zholkevsky and the svizhim vіyskom. Він обляг табір повстанців на березі річки Solonitsі, біля Лубень, і виідрізав його від води. In tabori povahasya crap, hunger, welding. Hetman Loboda is hammered. Obloga trivala two tizhni. Felt, scho nalizhaetsya Colonel Pidvosotsky zaporozhtsy, Zholkevsky two days zasypav tabir garmatnim vagnem. Нарешті козаки піддалися and seen ватажків, yakim Poles obitsyali amnestiyu. Alya після капітуляції Poles virіzali obizzbroєnih kozakіv, strastili vіtіh vаtatkіv, Severina Nalyvayka vivezeno to Warsaw and there після страшних тортур страчен. Lisha, a minor, part of the Kozakivs, flowed into Zaporizhzhya. Lyub Polakiv did not know between. Varshavsky Soym 1597 rock, after having killed the Cossacks, "the enemies of the power" and punishing nichism. Pograzka під Солоницею була одною з найбільших трагедій України, залідки якої щееггий час галмували її further rozvitok. Prote, not zvayazhyuchi to failure, zalishivsya enzyme, a kind of podttrimuvav opozitsionny spirit of the Ukrainian population , and Im'ya Nalyvayka saved the people of memory, yak wrestling for yoga freedom.