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Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

3. Saint Sіmon, sensіmonіsti th pohodzhennya kolektivіzmu

Anrі Claude de Saint-Rubrua Sіmon (1760-1825) - vihodets s vischoї frantsuzkoї aristokratії, zdobuv beautiful osvіtu, CCB great zemlevlasnikom. In vіtsі shіstnadtsyati rokіv bere fate in vіynі for amerikansku nezalezhnіst. At Rocky revolyutsії vіdmovlyaєtsya od dvoryanskogo Rank i zbagachuєtsya zavdyaki vdalіy spekulyatsії on natsіonalnomu maynі. Yak polіtichno neblagonadіynogo yogo Bulo uv'yazneno. Pіslya zvіlnennya s v'yaznitsі vіn zaymaєtsya komertsієyu, podorozhuє, vivchaє science. In perіod s 1813 to 1825 pp. vihodyat nayvazhlivіshі yogo pratsі "About Promyslova system", "about the old polіtichnu i nova system", "the Catechism promislovtsіv", "Nowe Christianity." Їh written pid vrazhennyam od quiet for Change, SSMSC carried him narodzhennya s new kapіtalіstichnogo іndustrіalnogo fret.

Teoretichnі pіdhodi Saint Sіmona to analіzu suspіlstva bazuvalisya on іstorichnomu metodі. Saint Sіmon, yak i INSHI utopіsti, virіshuє power dokorіnnoї perebudovi suspіlstva, ale schodo zagalnoteoretichnih poglyadіv vіn vimagaє, dwellers passed lyudstva i yogo yak Suchasnyj vivchalosya єdiny bezperervny processes Progressive rozvitku suspіlstva.

Saint Sіmon Pichet, scho whether yaky analіz Suchasnyj, uzyaty іzolovano, Mauger prizvesti deprivation to duzhe poverhovih abo navіt hibnih visnovkіv, i Yakscho not vivchati passed, then nemozhlivo vіdrіzniti sotsіalnі Elements system yak Got zniknuti, od elementіv tієї system yak guilty utverditis.

For Saint-Sіmonom, suspіlstvo, tsіlіsna polіtiki system Economy i knowledge in svoєmu іstorichnomu rozvitku held three formatsії: rabovlasnitsku, that feudal іndustrіalnu. Cutaneous s them harakterizuєtsya vіdpovіdnim rіvnem rozvitku knowledge polіtiki that Gospodarstwa scho, in its Cherga passing Dvi stadії: organіchnu, chi vrіvnovazhenu, that critical, if poperednyu rіvnovagu Porush.

Ekonomіka polіtika i, s one side, i Knowledge - s іnshogo, rozvivayutsya at Dumka Saint Sіmona, in parallel. Pid hour organіchnoї stadії vladі is staying at the class, yaky vіdіgraє nayvazhlivіshu gospodarsku role in Danian perіod, and kritichnіy stadії on ekonomіchnu Vlad pretenduє Inshyj class, gospodarska funktsіya yakogo zrostaє. Klas, scho narodzhuєtsya, protistoїt fact scho vzhe іsnuє. Wink tsogo protistoyannya Je polіtichna Borotba, yak zavershuєtsya viniknennyam novoї formatsії.

Kapіtalіstichne suspіlstvo Saint Sіmon rozglyadaє yak promіzhnu stadіyu mіzh feodalіzmom that іndustrіalіzmom. Kapіtalіzm poєdnuє Find our rozkladu poperednogo perіodu that the new Elements - іndustrіyu.

Feature kapіtalіzmu gruntuєtsya on analіzі yogo superechnostey, rolі privatnoї vlasnostі that іndustrії scho narodzhuvalas.

HEAD vadoyu kapіtalіstichnoї Sistemi Saint Sіmon Dear vіdsutnіst in nіy organіzuyuchoї, ob'єdnuyuchoї basis. Naslіdkom tsogo Yea those scho at virobnitstvі panuє is private vlasnіst i porodzhuvana her anarhіya; ekonomіku th polіtiku vіdokremleno one od odnoї, i obidvі - od science. For yogo viznachennyam, perіod, if ekonomіka th polіtika іsnuyut autonomously Je perehіdnim. Same to kapіtalіzm vіn vіdnosit to critical perіodu, perehіdnogo od organіchnogo feodalіzmu to maybutnoї organіchnoї NAUKOVO-іndustrіalnoї system.

Traktuvannya kapіtalіstichnogo perіodu in Saint-Sіmona bezumovno vіdrіznyaєtsya od of scho proponuvala Suchasna Yomou school ekonomіchnogo lіberalіzmu. Vіn viznaє dіyu ekonomіchnih natural forces vvazhaє ale, scho stink i sama Je cause of vsіh porokіv kapіtalіzmu, zumovlyuyut yogo maybutnyu ruynatsіyu.

Bourgeois suspіlstvo vіn kritikuє slit th for those in scho nomu іndustrіya not posіla vіdpovіdnogo Georeferencing. In kapіtalіstichnomu seredovischі Won staє samoyu with such a cause of the crisis, yak i is private vlasnіst, spriyaє rozsharuvannyu suspіlstva on KLAS, yak s hour staє all glibshim.

Truncated Suchasnyj Yomou suspіlstvo vіn podіlyaє in two main class: on іndustrіalіv (yelement maybutnogo) i vlasnikіv (unproductive classes, yelement feodalіzmu) mіzh yakimi tochitsya Borotba ekonomіchnu for Vlad. Tsey antagonіzm vіn often formulyuє yak antagonіzm mіzh vlasnikami that workers' tobto mіzh ledaryami i trudaryami.

Dumka On Saint Sіmona, іndustrіya buduє ekonomіchnі peredumovi for formuvannya new suspіlstva: gotuє kapіtali to ususpіlnennya, zabezpechuє Visokiy rіven spozhivannya, stvoryuє minds for ob'єdnannya trudіvnikіv on novіy, іndustrіalnіy osnovі for rozvitku science. Neobhіdno deprivation sformuvati vіdpovіdne sotsіalno-polіtichne seredovische scho led b ekonomіku, polіtiku that science in vіdpovіdnіst, i todі kapіtalіzm a break in the following stadіyu.

Ekonomіchny ustrіy suspіlstva іndustrіalіv. Ekonomіchnoyu form of a new suspіlstva scho virіshit problem uzgodzhennya troh warehouses suspіlnogo rozvitku at Dumka Saint Sіmona asotsіatsіya camp.

Spirayuchis on іstorichny method, Saint Sіmon ukazuє scho Progressive Movement in lyudstva spryamovany od bіlsh drіbnih asotsіatsіy to bіlsh great: od Rodini to communities od community to natsії, od natsії to mіzhnarodnoї Zgoda - tse bezperervny ruh s vіdomim kіntsevim paragraph - "vsesvіtnya asotsіatsіya vsіh people on vsіy zemnіy kulі i access in all їhnіh vіdnosinah ".

Formuvannya asotsіatsії vіdbuvatimetsya stvorennyam Promyslova ugrupovan on bazі іsnuyuchih kapіtalіv that virobnitstv. Tse bude ob'єdnannya promislovtsіv, torgovtsіv, bankіrіv, fermerіv, robіtnikіv i vchenih.

Saint Sіmon pіdkreslyuє scho "natsіonalnu asotsіatsіyu" potrіbno rozglyadati yak "Promyslova pіdpriєmstvo" The members of usі yakogo pratsyuyut zadlya odnієї methylation.

Saint Sіmon - nathnenny іndustrіalіzmu prophet. Future of suspіlstvo bazuvatimetsya on іndustrії, yak Saint Sіmon rozumіє widely. Іndustrіalom vіn nazivaє skin, hto not uhilyatimetsya od suspіlno korisnoї pratsі at whether yakіy sferі: virobnitstva, obіgu chi rozpodіlu. Prace Je warehouses suspіlnoї іndustrії. In tsіy sistemі Absent Georeferencing deprivation feudal elementіv i ledarіv. For Saint-Sіmona іndustrіalna system - not Tse deprivation novі mozhlivostі virobnitstva, scho Zgoda zabezpechuvatime OAO All require a second zmіna sotsіalnogo seredovischa, minds to formuvannya yakogo pіdgotuvala slit kapіtalіstichna іndustrіya.

Zavdyaki asotsіatsії is private vlasnіst transformuєtsya in Collective. Popervosti Saint Sіmon not vіdmovlyaє asotsіatsії in pravі vlasnіst to privacy. Spochatku virobnitstvo camp suspіlnim deprivation in furrows asotsіatsії, vіdnosini mіzh okremimi asotsіatsіyami buduvatimutsya to privacy ambushes. Ale in maybutnomu, if all suspіlstvo camp єdinoyu asotsіatsієyu, vіn peredbachaє residual ususpіlnennya, natsіonalіzatsіyu vlasnostі.

Asotsіatsіya zmіnit rozpodіlu form. Kapіtal, vlasnіst pіdpriєmtsya - asotsіatsії member Je Basics funktsіonuvannya іndustrіalnoї Sistemi Saint Sіmona serve її rozvitkovі. In yogo Dumka, kapіtal TAKE Got the Same right to vinagorodu, yak i Praca. Prybutok viznachaєtsya sukupny dohіd yak, scho rozpodіlyaєtsya vіdpovіdno to pratsі i vkladenogo kapіtalu. Pіdpriєmets for Saint Sіmonom not tіlki vlasnik and second kerіvnik Promyslova pіdpriєmstva and otzhe, yogo Income - Natural vinagoroda for visokokvalіfіkovanu Prace. Equitable benefits from rozpodіl maybutnomu suspіlstvі Saint Sіmon rozumіє zrіvnyalіvku not yak and yak rozpodіl for vneskom in spіlne virobnitstvo against, Chastina otrimanogo pributku in asotsіatsії vikoristovuvatimetsya for zadovolennya suspіlnih required. Koli asotsіatsіya dial planetary scale, rozpodіl uzagalі zdіysnyuvatimetsya for require.

Asotsіatsіya lіkvіduє takozh i konkurentsіyu. Promislovіstyu keruvatimut s one by one up the middle, scho yogo rozroblyatimut uchenі.

Polіtichny ustrіy suspіlstva Saint Sіmon obmezhuє Collective upravlіnnyam asotsіatsієyu vpovnovazhenimi іndustrіalami. Vikonavchu Vlad bude dorucheno palatі deputatіv, її bude takozh nadіleno povnovazhennyami opratsovuvati laws, scho stosuvatimutsya viklyuchno problems zrostannya DOBROBUT Kraina.

Polіtika not znikne and zmіnit his sutnіst. Vaughn mill positive science about virobnitstvo, tobto with such a science, zmіstom yakoї bude doslіdzhennya naybіlsh spriyatlivih for rozvitku virobnitstva minds.

Ekonomіchny Uryadov Come on zmіnu polіtichnomu, vіdbuvatimetsya upravlіnnya speeches zamіst upravlіnnya people. Yak Prace, so i kapіtalom rozporyadzhatimetsya asotsіatsіya in osobі stvorenih her kolegіy she pleased. Keruvatimut asotsіatsієyu deprivation naybіlsh obdarovanі th dosvіdchenі vchenі that pіdpriєmtsі. Pershi rozroblyatimut vіdpovіdnі naukovі nastanovi and drugі vtіlyuvatimut tsі nastanovi in ​​Zhittya.

Shlyakhov transition to іndustrіalnogo fret.

Dosyagnennya methylene Yea, for Saint-Sіmonom, mozhlivim deprivation todі, if for the right vіzmetsya power, of order i іz funktsієyu organіzatora asotsіatsіy vikonuvatime takozh funktsіyu spiritual perevihovannya chlenіv suspіlstva, spriyatime vіdnovlennyu suspіlnoї moralі. Same іdeї doctrines that toil Why virіshalnimi agents sotsіalnoї transformatsії.

Perevihovany kapіtalіst-pіdpriєmets, usvіdomivshi, yakoї Skoda zavdaє suspіlstvu Private sposіb virobnitstva that rozpodіlu himself sformuє, koristuyuchis svoїm kapіtalom, asotsіatsіyu de vlasnіst i rozpodіl gain the fair forms perebuvatimut pid control chlenіv asotsіatsії.

Otzhe at Dumka Saint Sіmona, deprivation svіdoma dіyalnіst zabezpechuє order Dobrobut i suspіlstva.

Saint Sіmonu poschastilo zіbrati Navkolo currently bagatoh spravdі talanovitih people SSMSC propaguvali yogo іdeї. Before yogo Perche uchnіv nalezhali Augustin Tєrі, yaky LUVs yogo Secretary, brother Єvgenіy that Olend Rodrіgesi. Zgoda to them priєdnalisya Enfantin i Bazaar. Pіslya smertі Saint Sіmona stink zasnuvali newspaper "Virobnik" dwellers poshiryuvati іdeї vchitelya Svoge. Pong, takozh became zasnovnikami Svoge old Naukova tovaristva. Bazaar, napriklad, doruchili publіchny viklad sensіmonіstskoї doctrine tsіlomu lektsіynomu kursі. Zgoda tsі lektsії Bulo opublіkovano in dvoh volumes pid titles "Viklad doctrines of Saint-Sіmona". Ale Tse vzhe Bulo sotsіalne vchennya, yak descho rіznilosya od Saint doctrines Sіmona.

Saint Sіmon not vimagav negaynogo skasuvannya іnstitutu vlasnostі and Yogo poslіdovniki dotrimuvalis poglyadіv Sіsmondі i Proudhon ototozhnyuyuchi Private vlasnіst s kradіzhkoyu, ekspluatatsієyu, nespravedlivіstyu. Causes of crisis that anarhії stink poyasnyuvali tim, scho vlasnіst rozporoshena, nalezhit rіznim people scho її Ruler through uspadkuvannya mozhut Why Ti, hto not Got naymenshogo uyavlennya about virobnitstvo, spozhivannya i will require resources, about rozpodіl znaryad pratsі.

Vikoristovuyuchi teorіyu vartostі, sensіmonіsti formulyuyut teorіyu ekspluatatsії. Pong vvazhayut, scho in osnovі kapіtalіstichnogo nagromadzhennya lezhit neoplachena chastka pratsі Naiman robіtnikіv, ale rozrіznyayut pributki od pratsі pіdpriєmtsya pributki i od vlasnostі. For pіdpriєmtsem viznavali stink right at the tіlki Prybutok scho Yea result upravlіnskoї pratsі, INSHI yogo Vidi, SSMSC otrimuyut not have zaynyatі virobnitstvі zemlevlasniki that kapіtalіsti in viglyadі rents roztsіnyuvali yak chastku, vіdіbranu in quiet whom pozbavleno zasobіv virobnitstva. Tom poslіdovniki Saint Sіmona i proponuvali reformuvati Private vlasnіst, pobuduvati ekonomіku kolektivіzmu in ambushes. Power staє єdinim vlasnikom usіh znaryad pratsі, Won rozpodіlyatime їh vіdpovіdno to suspіlnih potreb that іnteresіv. Uryadov on zrazok velicheznogo central bank s numerical fіlіyami camp rozporyadnikom usіh kapіtalіv, postachayuchi in nayvіddalenіshі Georeferencing neobhіdnі zasobi. Vіn takozh priznachatime zdіbnih people to upravlіnnya kapіtalami i vinagorodzhuvatime їh vіdpovіdno to їhnoї pratsі.

Ale tse not oznachatime scho vlasnіst znikne residually: navpa-ki, won tіlki zmіnit svoї form, organіzovanoyu camp, Collective, zabezpechuvatime Interests virobnitstva th rіvnіst. Right privatnoї vlasnostі poshiryuvatimetsya deprivation on the subject spozhivannya NKVD.

Way to kolektivіzmu sensіmonіsti bachili in skasuvannі law about uspadkuvannya vlasnostі i postupovіy peredachі rights spadok derzhavі. Promislovіst takozh іz hands Private pіdpriєmtsіv postupovo Got to go in vlasnіst powers.

Rіvnіst, yakoї vimagali sensіmonіsti, stink bachili, smut, have rozpodіlі of Prace in іnteresah rozvitku suspіlnogo virobnitstva. Vodnochase sensіmonіsti rozumіli th neobhіdnіst suspіlnih fondіv spozhivannya, spodіvayuchis scho Chastain pributku, yak Got a rental nature of sotsіalіzmu bude vikoristano for zadovolennya "zagalnih require new suspіlstva".

Sensіmonіsti peredbachali, scho for rozvitku sotsіalіzmu vazhlive values ​​matimut velikі tsentralіzovanі banks, credit zrostatime role of companies yak th tsentralіzatsії Basics of tsentralіzovanogo ekonomіchnogo kerіvnitstva s tim, dwellers pristosuvati virobnitstvo to spozhivannya, chogo not Mauger zrobiti konkurentsіya.

In vchennі sensіmonіstіv Mortgage Basics of mayzhe vsіh constructively іdey sotsіalіzmu XIX century.

On tlі rozvitku іdey klasychnoji polіtekonomії doctrines of Saint-Sіmona i yogo poslіdovnikіv steel alternative teachings, vivodili thing i doslіdzhennya method for traditsіyno priynyatі mezhі.

So, Classics rozrіznyali polіtichnu ekonomіyu i science about sotsіalny ustrіy suspіlstva. Private vlasnіst yak stink rozglyadali ob'єktivno viznachene suspіlne yavische scho is staying pose mezhami analіzu. Rozpodіl bagatstv not stink zv'yazuvali s vlasnіstyu, rozumіyuchi yogo yak podіl rіchnogo pributku mіzh virobnitstva factors. Їh tsіkavilo, yak sama viznachaєtsya rіven interests, rents that zarobіtnoї pay.

In sensіmonіstіv problem rozpodіlu bagatstv polyagaє in viznachennі rolі vlasnostі in tsomu rozpodіlі. Pong nagoloshuvali, scho income in the kapіtalіstichnomu suspіlstvі stale od of yak rozpodіlyaєtsya mіzh people vlasnіst is private. Ekonomіsti-Classics i sensіmonіsti in rіznomu uyavlyali protilezhnіst mіzh suspіlnimi i Private іnteresami. Clasico protistavlyali іnteres spozhivachіv (zagalny) іnteresu virobnikіv (Private). Sensіmonіsti (followed by the second usі sotsіalіsti) protistavlyayut Interests trudіvnikіv i ledarіv (pіznіshe Tse bude konkretizovano - robіtnikіv that kapіtalіstіv, SSMSC live rakhunok Workers).

Classics of Namangan bring, scho ob'єktivnі Zakoni vrіvnovazhuyut ekonomіku, napriklad, konkurentsіya obmezhuє ekonomіchny egoїzm zmushuє i yogo sluzhiti zagalnomu іnteresu. Sensіmonіsti yak zasіb for ob'єktivnogo reconciliation іnteresіv Bacha svіdome koordinuvannya dіyalnostі, asotsіatsіyu superechlivih ekonomіchnih forces.

Netraditsіynі pіdhodi to analіzu gave zmogu sensіmonіstam dosit memo opisati ekonomіchny way maybutnogo "fair" suspіlstva. Shlyakhov to yogo pobudovi stink vvazhali moral vihovannya. Vodnochase prihilniki sensіmonіzmu boule Duzhe Activity pіdpriєmtsyami in fіnansovіy that promislovіy areas vіdіgravali provіdnu role in ekonomіchnomu upravlіnnі Frantsієyu. Brati Pereire zasnuvali Credit mobilier, prototype Suchasnyj great fіnansovih tovaristv. Enfantin CCB іnіtsіatorom stvorennya continental zalіznichnih lіnіy, zasnuvav tovaristvo for sporudzhennya Suetskogo channel. Mіshel Shevalє zahischav Interests burzhuaznoї powers have sferі mіzhnarodnih vіdnosin.