home Political economy Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

Istoria ekonomіchnih scientists - Kornіychuk LY

1. Marginalism

Іstorichnі vіdomostі about zarodzhennya marzhinalіzmu svіdchat scho pіonerami formuvannі in the category of "granichnoї korisnostі" yak vikoristovuєtsya in protsesі analіzu povedіnki spozhivacha th ically mathematical analіzu funktsіonalnih fallow for viyavlennya rіvnovagi in gospodarskіy sistemі, boules nіmetskі doslіdniki G. Gosen i J. von Thünen and takozh Frenchmen - Jean Dupuy is the Cournot.

Johann von Thünen (1783-1850) - one іz Perche sformulyuvav Zakoni boundary analіzu in "ekonomіchnіy sistemі s metoyu dosyagnennya maximum values funktsії s bagatma zmіnnimi". Yak doslіdnik i J. Tyunen practices in svoїy knizhtsі "Іzolovana Power", Purshia that yakoї viyshov at 1826's World p., Giving (at pіdstavі Vlasnyi theoreticity opratsyuvan) range of practical rekomendatsіy schodo ratsіonalnogo i pributkovogo Keeping sіlskogo Gospodarstwa. The basic іdeya polyagala in tіm scho maximum net dohіd zemlevlasnik Mauger otrimati for the minds, if sukupnіst of boundary vitrat on fact-ri virobnitstva bude totozhnoyu granichnіy korisnostі product. Obgruntovuyuchi his tezu, Tyunen vihodiv іz analіzu vzaєmodії faktorіv virobnitstva, zmіnyuyuchi pochergovo value okremih faktorіv yak, so i tsіni s skin them.

Merit Thünen Je takozh rozkrittya mehanіzmu formuvannya rіvnya zemelnoї Renty fallow od of Quality zemlі that її vіddalenostі od rinkіv zbutu sіlskogospodarskoї produktsії.

Antoine Augustin Cournot about (1801-1877) Yea no one tіlki іz poperednikіv marzhinalіzmu and second zasnovnikom new - ically mathematical napryamku in ekonomіchnіy teorії. In knizhtsі "Doslіdzhennya ically mathematical printsipіv in teorії bagatstva" vіn, spirayuchis on analіz funktsіonalnih fallow, sformulyuvav ponyattya ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi, uvіv at Naukova obіg ponyattya funktsії popitu, elastichnostі popitu, SSMSC th ninі widely vikoristovuyutsya. Krіm of Yogo analіz Rinku th rinkovih vіdnosin takі specifying the category, yak konkurentsіya, monopolіya, olіgopolіya. A.Kurno zastosovuє funktsії popitu i Offers Explanation for formuvannya tsіni for rinkovih minds її evolyutsії, pochinayuchi od chistoї konkurentsії to monopolії. The basic іdeya yogo kontseptsії polyagala in tіm scho ekonomіchnі Sistemi slіd rozglyadati yak zamknutі Sistemi rinkovih vzaєmozalezhnostey (virazhenih kategorіyami popitu Offers i), at scho perebuvayut rіvnovazі. Cena rozglyadaєtsya at tsomu yak penny virazhennya will rіvnovagi popitu Offers i.

In tsentrі doslіdzhennya Cournot Bula povedіnka okremoї fіrmi, yak Yea i virobnikom tovarіv realіzuє їh on market analysis, tobto vіn analіzuvav ekonomіku on mіkrorіvnі not tsіkavlyachis ekonomіkoyu Kraina in tsіlomu. In pobudovanіy him ekonomіchnіy modelі tsіni diktuyut Username Lost Password and prodavtsі viznachayut obsyagi virobnitstva produktsії fallow od rіvnya tsіni that popitu on goods.

Prote Cournot vvazhav scho doslіdzhennya problemi zagalnoї ekonomіchnoї rіvnovagi nemozhlive for Relief ically mathematical analіzu, scho Zgoda sprostuvav Walras.

Dyupyuї Jules (1804-1866) 1844 p. statte writing "About vimіri korisnostі Gromadska robіt" in yakіy takozh znayshla vіdobrazhennya іdeya analіzu boundary. Sformulyuvav vіn qiu іdeyu on pіdstavі ponyattya "tsіnovy nadlishok" tobto penny vimіr maximum mozhlivogo income yaky vinikaє vnaslіdok mozhlivostі spozhivacha kupuvati cutaneous odinitsyu product for nezmіnnoї tsіni.

Herman Gossen (1810-1858) Hoca i do not CCB for fahom ekonomіstom, ale Duzhe tsіkavivsya suspіlnimi problems opublіkuvav th 1854 p. book pid titles "Rozvitok zakonіv suspіlnogo Zhittya i rules lyudskoї dіyalnostі scho s viplivayut them" in yakіy sformulyuvav number vazhlivih theoreticity provisions kotrі uvіyshli in ekonomіchnu science pid titles Persha i another zakonіv Gossen. Purshia law stverdzhuє scho Zi zbіlshennyam kіlkostі danogo good a boundary korisnіst yogo zmenshuєtsya and minds of Povny zadovolennya potreb spozhivacha Won dorіvnyuvatime zero.

CREATIVE pіdіyshov Gossen i to the category traktuvannya obmіnu. Vіn rozglyadav Tsey processes yak Dzherelo yogo for growth korisnostі uchasnikіv, argumentuyuchi Tse note scho in protsesі obmіnu cutaneous vіddaє those scho for Demba Mensch korisne, zamіst tsіnnіshogo good. Kohli good Je rіvnoznachnimi then vtrachaє Sens i obmіn himself.

Zgіdno s other law Gossen optimal structure spozhivannya (popitu) dosyagaєtsya for odnakovih minds of boundary korisnostey usіh benefits scho spozhivayutsya. Cutaneous sub'єkt maksimіzuє sumarno korisnіst for yourself Yakscho rozpodіlyaє resources mіzh rіznimi benefits so scho od ostannoї odinitsі resource vitrachenoї on skin benefit, dosyagaєtsya odnakove zadovolennya. Saying to Іnakshe, Yakscho zapasіv benefits nedostatno for Povny zadovolennya Helsinki Human, the sukupne naybіlshe zadovolennya od them dosyagaєtsya todі, if prirіst Nasoloda od skin benefits staє odnakovim (tobto if totozhnі granichnі korisnostі skin benefits).

Іz law obmіnu spozhivnih vartostey viplivaє i єdnostі tsіni law on market analysis. For pokuptsya іsnuє Cena, vische for yak vіn product not buy. For іsnuє seller Cena, nizhche for yak vіn product will not sell. Ere on peretinі іnteresіv oboh storіn bude that Cena, yak zadovolnit i i pokuptsya seller. Won Je naslіdkom porіvnyuvannya of boundary korisnostey rіznih tovarіv.

Stenlі Jevons (1835-1882) - anglіysky ekonomіst, yaky (Square od іnshih avtorіv) rozrobiv teorіyu, zgіdno s yakoyu spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh goods, scho obmіnyuyutsya, dorіvnyuє obernenomu vіdnoshennyu їhnіh (limit) korisnostey. Prace at Dumka Jevons vplivaє on mіnovі proportsії benefits oposeredkovano - zbіlshennya costs pratsі zbіlshuє Quantity danogo good i note by zmenshuє yogo korisnіst boundary. Koli costs pratsі stayut digit, todі itself Prace nabuvaє negativnoї korisnostі. Tom trivalіst processes pratsі Je dotsіlnoyu Doty, docks її negative korisnіst Mensch (at absolute value), nіzh korisnіst product stvorenogo tsієyu Prace. Pіslya vstanovlennya rіvnovagi processes virobnitstva danogo good pripinyaєtsya.

In pratsі "Teorіya polіtichnoї ekonomії" Jevons sformulyuvav theorem are yakoї polyagaє in tіm, scho for ratsіonalnogo spozhivannya mіri korisnostі pridbanih tovarіv proportsіynі їhnіm tsіnam. Jevons uvіv takozh in ekonomіchnu science ponyattya "ekonomіks" (Ekonomichna teorіya), yak became vіdtodі vikoristovuvati on Zahodі zamіst ponyattya "polіtichna ekonomіya".