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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Krivenko KT

21.3.4. Aktsіonernі tovaristva (korporatsії).

In protsesі transition to formuvannya great of companies that їh ob'єdnan i soyuzіv great role nalezhit active vikoristannyu aktsіonernoї FORMS organіzatsії kapіtalu i kapіtalіstichnogo gospodaryuvannya. Aktsіonerne tovaristvo, abo Corporation - tse pіdpriєmstvo, kapіtal yakogo utvoryuєtsya on osnovі ob'єdnannya bagatoh іndivіdualnih kapіtalіv i NKVD zberezhen bagatoh domogospodarstv Shlyakhov Key infrastructure aktsіy - tsіnnih paperіv, cutaneous s yakih daє right їh vlasnikam on obsession divіdendu i to participate in upravlіnnі aktsіonernim tovaristvom . Kapіtalіstichna vlasnіst in korporatsії nabuvaє asotsіyovanoї (kolektivnoї) form.

Pershi aktsіonernі tovaristva z'yavilisya slit in the XVI century. in perіod pervіsnogo nagromadzhennya kapіtalu. Ale їh Masov stvorennya Pocha tretinu Stay in the XIX century. in Galuzo de vimagalis Especially velikі rozmіri kapіtalu (metalurgіya, mashinobuduvannya, naftopererobka, avtomobіlebuduvannya, hіmіchna promislovіst toscho). Zhoden kapіtalіst navіt for Relief bankіvskih kreditіv not mіg organіzuvati in Tsikh Galuzo bike pіdpriєmstvo. Vono could Buti stvorene tіlki on aktsіonernih ambushes. Aktsіonernі tovaristva such rank, steel vazhlivoyu Form tsentralіzatsії kapіtalіv.

TRUST i syndicate SSMSC z'yavilis slit on the cob ostannoї tretini XIX c., Are themselves velikі aktsіonernі pіdpriєmstva monopolіstichnogo chi olіgopolіstichnogo type. Avstrіysky teachings R. Gіlferding in knizі "Fіnansovy kapіtal" bridging table, s yakoї seen scho already on the cob XX century. (1907) have not Nіmechchinі tіlki velikі and second serednі kapіtalіstichnі pіdpriєmstva boule aktsіonernimi tovaristvami s a 5 per cent rentabelnostі, SSMSC viplachuvali divіdendi on aktsіyu in rozmіrі od 7.5 to 22% (Div .: R. Hilferding Financial capital -. With . 159). In tsіy kraїnі naprikіntsі 70 pp. XIX century. Bulo 460 aktsіonernih tovaristv, and cob XX century. - Ponad 5000.

Nazvanі three osnovnі іstorichnі minds - yakіsnі zmіni in tehnіtsі, tehnologії i strukturі virobnitstva, efekt scale aktsіonuvannya - led to the fact scho on rubezhі XIX-XX centuries. Epoch kapіtalіzmu vіlnoї konkurentsії in rozvinutih kraїnah kapіtalіzmu Bula zamіnena monopolіstichnim kapіtalіzmom in ekonomіtsі yakogo cephalic role nalezhala monopolіyam i olіgopolіyam.

Monopolіya - tse rinok on Money Does prodavtsіv Quantity (of companies) Neznachny taka, scho Mauger Leather Seller vplivati on zagalne proponuvannya (via virobnitstvo) i tsіnu product.

Olіgopolіya on vіdmіnu od monopolії harakterizuє Taku situatsіyu in minds nedoskonaloї konkurentsії, if virobnitstvo in the Branch kontrolyuєtsya slim kіlkіstyu virobnikіv.

In poєdnannі tsі Dvi ekonomіchnі Sealy utvoryuyut kapіtalіstichnu formatsіyu monopolіstichnogo type, yak, we'll see proіsnuvala until the mid 30's pp. XX century.

On bazі aktsіonernih tovaristv stvoryuyutsya takі osnovnі FORMS monopolіy i olіgopolіy, yak i Concern trusts.

Trust - tse TAKE aktsіonerne tovaristvo Where Money Does pіdpriєmstva scho vstupayut to Demba, vtrachayut not tіlki komertsіynu, ale th virobnichu samostіynіst: stink peretvoryuyutsya in aktsіonerіv trust. Zustrіchayutsya rіznovidi trestіv. Zdebіlshogo trust him yavlyaє Povny zlittya of companies danoї the Branch. Je trusts Participants yakih zberіgayut formally samostіynіst for factuality pіdporyadkuvannya holding kompanії.

Concern - tse naybіlsh foldable Suchasna form organіzatsії aktsіonernogo tovaristva great rozmіrіv. Zvichayno group of companies ohoplyuє bagato rіznih Galuzo virobnitstva, and the base for concern Yea one Galuzo - avtomobіlna, hіmіchna, E-toscho. Participants formally samostіynіst zberіgayut concern. Teperіshnі naybіlshі in svіtі korporatsії - tse concerns. Same Concern Je infections provіdnoyu Form funktsіonuvannya monopolіy i olіgopolіy. Otzhe, concern - tse great bagatogaluzeva Corporation.

On rubezhі XIX-XX centuries. kapіtalіzm vіlnoї konkurentsії postupivsya kapіtalіzmu nedoskonaloї konkurentsії. In ekonomіtsі panіvne Location posіli olіgopolії i monopolії. For Tsikh minds konkurentsіya not Mauger Buti vіlnoyu ni, ni doskonaloyu. Vaughan became nedoskonaloyu.

Nedoskonala konkurentsіya - tse rinkova situatsіya, if pіdpriєmstvo, chi ob'єdnannya of companies, viroblyaє postavlyaє i taku chastku product, scho Mauger virіshalnim rank vplivati on formuvannya tsіni. Sogodnі to nedoskonaloї konkurentsії vіdnosyat Chistu monopolіyu, olіgopolіyu i monopolіstichnu konkurentsіyu.

Tse viznachennya nedoskonaloї konkurentsії E can uzagalniti so: on rubezhі XIX-XX centuries. in rozvinutih kraїnah sformuvavsya monopolіstichny kapіtalіzm.

For monopolіstichnogo kapіtalіzmu main regulator Economy vistupayut markets Agricultural Art nedoskonaloї konkurentsії.