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Modelyuvannya Economy - Vіtlіnsky VV

2.2.4. Elements klasifіkatsії ekonomіko-ically mathematical models

Matematichnі modelі ekonomіchnih protsesіv i yavisch short as possible nazvati ekonomіko-ically mathematical models. For Tsikh klasifіkatsії models vikoristovuyut rіznі klasifіkatsіynі acquaint themselves.

For tsіlovim priznachennyam ekonomіko-matematichnі modelі podіlyayutsya on theoretical analіtichnі, scho pid hour vikoristovuyutsya doslіdzhennya zagalnih vlastivostey i zakonomіrnostey ekonomіchnih protsesіv, i prikladnі scho zastosovuyutsya in rozv'yazannі ekonomіchnih specific tasks (modelі ekonomіchnogo analіzu, prognozuvannya, upravlіnnya).

Ekonomіko-matematichnі modelі mozhut priznachatisya for doslіdzhennya rіznih storіn funktsіonuvannya national Gospodarstwa (zokrema, yogo virobnicho-tehnologіchnoї, sotsіalnoї, teritorіalnoї structure) i yogo okremih Chastain. In klasifіkatsії mozhna viokremiti modelі national Gospodarstwa zagalom i yogo pіdsistem - Galuzo, regіonіv toscho; Complex models virobnitstva, spozhivannya, formuvannya i rozpodіlu dohodіv, labor resursіv, tsіnoutvorennya, fіnansovih zv'yazkіv toscho.

Spinіmosya bіlsh memo on harakteristitsі such klasіv ekonomіko-ically mathematical models, scho toil osoblivostі metodologії i tehnіki modelyuvannya.

Vіdpovіdno to zagalnoї klasifіkatsії ically mathematical models stink podіlyayutsya on funktsіonalnі that strukturnі and takozh promіzhnі form (structurally funktsіonalnі). In doslіdzhennyah on narodnogospodarskomu rіvnі chastіshe zastosovuyutsya strukturnі modelі, oskіlki for planuvannya upravlіnnya is the great significance of toil vnutrіshnі zalezhnostі mіzh Some of the elements of systems. Types of structural models of Je modelі mіzhgaluzevih zv'yazkіv. Funktsіonalnі modelі widely zastosovuyutsya in ekonomіchnomu regulyuvannі, if at povedіnku ob'єkta ( "vihіd") vplivayut zmіni Shlyakhov "entry." Butt Mauger sluguvati model povedіnki spozhivachіv in the minds of commodity-penny vіdnosin. One that i samy ob'єkt Mauger opisuvatis odnochasno i Structurally, i funktsіonalnoyu models. Napriklad for planuvannya okremoї galuzevoї Sistemi vikoristovuєtsya structural model, and narodnogospodarskomu rіvnі cutaneous Galuzo Mauger Buti filed funktsіonalnoyu Modell.

Modelі podіlyayut on deskriptivnі that normativnі. Deskriptivnі modelі vіdpovіdayut on zapitannya: yak yak tse tse chi vіdbuvaєtsya nayіmovіrnіshe Mauger rozvivatisya Dali? Іnshimi words, the stench deprivation poyasnyuyut fact SSMSC sposterіgalisya, chi give a forecast. Normativnі modelі vіdpovіdayut on zapitannya: yak Tse Got Booty? Tobto peredbachayut tsіlespryamovanu dіyalnіst. Butt types of normative models of optimal Je modelі (ratsіonalnogo) planuvannya scho formalіzuyut have one chi Inshyj sposіb Meta ekonomіchnogo rozvitku, mozhlivіst i zasobi її dosyagnennya.

Zastosuvannya descriptive pіdhodu in modelyuvannі Economy poyasnyuєtsya neobhіdnіstyu empіrichnogo viyavlennya suttєvih fallow in ekonomіtsі, vstanovlennya randomness zakonomіrnostey ekonomіchnoї povedіnki sotsіalnih group, vivchennya ymovіrnih shlyahіv rozvitku yakihos protsesіv for nezmіnnih drain chi such scho vіdbuvayutsya without zovnіshnіh vplivіv. Butt descriptive models Je virobnichі funktsії that funktsії kupіvelnogo popitu, pobudovanі on pіdstavі opratsyuvannya danih randomness.

Chi Je ekonomіko-ically mathematical model descriptive normative abo - tse deposits not deprivation od її matematichnoї structures and th od nature vikoristannya modelі. Napriklad Model mіzhgaluzevogo balance Je descriptive, Yakscho Won vikoristovuєtsya for analіzu proportsіy passed perіodu. Ale tsya itself ically mathematical model staє regulatory, Yakscho zastosovuєtsya for rozrahunkіv zbalansovanih varіantіv rozvitku national Gospodarstwa, SSMSC zadovolnyayut kіntsevі require suspіlstva minds of planned normativіv virobnichih vitrat.

Bagato ekonomіko-ically mathematical models poєdnuyut Find our i descriptive normative model. Situatsіya types Yea, if a normative model skladnoї structuring ob'єdnuє okremі blocks kotrі Je chastkovimi descriptive models. Napriklad, mіzhgaluzeva model Mauger include funktsії kupіvelnogo popitu, SSMSC opisuyut povedіnku spozhivachіv for zmіni dohodіv. Podіbnі butt harakterizuyut tendentsіyu efektivnosti poєdnannya descriptive i regulatory pіdhodіv. Descriptive pіdhіd widely zastosovuєtsya in іmіtatsіynomu modelyuvannі.

For the nature of cause and vіdobrazhennya naslіdkovih aspektіv rozrіznyayut modelі zhorstko determіnovanі i modelі scho vrahovu yut i vipadkovіst neviznachenіst. Treba rozrіznyati neviznachenіst, yak opisuєtsya ymovіrnіsnimi laws, i neviznachenіst not possible for the inventory kotroї Zakoni teorії ymovіrnostey zastosovuvati. Another type neviznachenostі nabagato skladnіshy for modelyuvannya: maєtsya on uvazі teorіya nechіtkih mnozhin that nechіtka logіka.

For ways vіdobrazhennya chinnika hour ekonomіko-matematichnі modelі podіlyayutsya on statichnі th dinamіchnі. In a static model usі zalezhnostі vіdnosyat to one time chi perіodu hour. Dinamіchnі modelі harakterizuyut zmіni ekonomіchnih protsesіv in chasі. For trivalіstyu rozglyanutogo perіodu rozrіznyayut modelі korotkotermіnovogo (to rock), serednotermіnovogo (5 rokіv) dovgotermіnovogo (10-15 bіlshe rokіv i) prognozuvannya i planuvannya. Hour in ekonomіko-ically mathematical models Mauger zmіnyuvatisya neperervno abo discretely.

Modelі ekonomіchnih protsesіv Nadzvychaina sytuatsia rіznomanіtnі for Form ically mathematical fallow. Vazhlivo viokremiti class lіnіynih models scho Nabeul great poshirennya zavdyaki zruchnostі їh vikoristannya. Vіdmіnnostі mіzh lіnіynimi i nelіnіynimi models Je suttєvimi not deprivation s matematichnoї point Zora, and the second at the theoretical ekonomіchnomu vіdnoshennі, more bagato fallow in ekonomіtsі toil printsipovo nelіnіyny character: efektivnіst vikoristannya resursіv for zrostannya virobnitstva, zmіni popitu i spozhivannya population zbіlshennya virobnitstva, zmіni popitu population Zi zrostannyam dohodіv toscho. Teorіya "lіnіynoї Economy" іstotno vіdrіznyaєtsya od teorії "nelіnіynoї Economy". Vid of chi vvazhayutsya mnozhini virobnichih bearing-down pіdsistem (Galuzo, of companies) opuklimi chi neopuklimi, suttєvo stale visnovki about mozhlivіst poєdnannya tsentralіzovanogo planuvannya th gospodarskoї samostіynostі ekonomіchnih pіdsistem.

For spіvvіdnoshennyam ekzogennih i endogennih zmіnnih, SSMSC vklyuchayutsya in the model, the stench podіlyayutsya on vіdkritі i zakritі. Povnіstyu vіdkritih models not іsnuє; Model guilty mіstiti Hoca used one endogennu (Taku, scho viznachaєtsya for Relief modelі) zmіnnu. Povnіstyu zakritі ekonomіko-matematichnі modelі, tobto takі, scho not mіstyat ekzogennih zmіnnih, Nadzvychaina sytuatsia rіdkіsnі; pobudova їh potrebuє Povny abstraguvannya od "seredovischa" tobto seryoznogo coarsening ekonomіchnih systems SSMSC zavzhdi toil zovnіshnі zv'yazki. Perevazhna bіlshіst ekonomіko-ically mathematical models posіdaє promіzhnu pozitsіyu i rozrіznyaєtsya by step vіdkritostі (zakritostі).

For models narodnogospodarskogo rіvnya vazhlivim Je podіl on agregovanі that detalіzovanі. Fallow od of mіstyat narodnogospodarskі modelі prostorovі chinniki th minds chi not mіstyat, rozrіznyayut modelі prostorovі i tochkovі.

Zaznachimo, scho pid ically mathematical modelyuvannyam maєtsya on uvazі takozh during installation vіdpovіdnostі for deyakoї danoї realnoї System S h deyakoyu scho vіdpovіdaє guidance vische vimogam, ically mathematical Modell M i doslіdzhennya tsієї modelі (M), scho dozvolyaє otrimati yak characteristics, so i otsіnki povedіnki realnoї system in Pevnyi іntervalah values ​​її pokaznikіv i parametrіv.

Klasifіkatsіya vidіv ically mathematical models Mauger provoditisya minutes for such acquaint themselves: analіtichne that Komp'yuterniy modelyuvannya (Figure 2.3.) * 3.

* 3: {Varfolomeyev VI Algorithmic modeling elements of economic systems: Workshop: Proc. allowance. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2000.}

Fig. 2.3. Analіtichne that Komp'yuterniy modelyuvannya

For analіtichnogo modelyuvannya characteristic Yea those processes scho funktsіonuvannya elementіv Sistemi zapisuyut in viglyadі deyakih ically mathematical spіvvіdnoshen (algebraїchnih, іntegro-diferentsіynih, kіntsevo-rіznitsevih toscho) chi logіchnih minds.

Analіtichna model Mauger doslіdzhuvatisya such methods:

a) analіtichnim, if pragnut in zagalnomu viglyadі otrimati deyakі zalezhnostі for Shukanov characteristics;

b) Numeric;

c) yakіsnim, if not explicit mayuchi rozv'yazku, all are znahodyat deyakі vlastivostі rіshen.

Komp'yuterniy modelyuvannya harakterizuєtsya tim, scho ically mathematical model of the system (vikoristovuyuchi osnovnі spіvvіdnoshennya analіtichnogo modelyuvannya - at tsomu neobhіdno zrobiti nagolos) podaєtsya in viglyadі deyakogo algorithm that prog, pridatnoї for її realіzatsії on komp'yuterі scho dozvolyaє provoditi s her obchislyuvalnі eksperimenti. Fallow od ically mathematical іnstrumentarіyu (aparata), scho vikoristovuєtsya in pobudovі modelі, that the method organіzatsії obchislyuvalnih eksperimentіv mozhna viokremiti three vzaєmopov'yazanі Vidi modelyuvannya: numeric, algoritmіchne (іmіtatsіyne) that randomness.

For numeric modelyuvannya for pobudovi komp'yuternoї modelі vikoristovuyutsya methodological obchislyuvalnoї mathematics and obchislyuvalny eksperiment polyagaє in numerical rozv'yazannі deyakih ically mathematical rіvnyan for reference value parametrіv i Pochatkova minds.

Algoritmіchne (іmіtatsіyne) modelyuvannya (Mauger Buti yak determіnovanim so i stochasticity) - tse view Komp'yuterniy modelyuvannya for yakogo characteristic Je vіdtvorennya on komp'yuterі (іmіtatsіya) Process funktsіonuvannya doslіdzhuvanoї skladnoї system. Here іmіtuyutsya (s vikoristannyam analіtichnih fallow i models) elementarnі yavischa scho stanovlyat processes, Zi zberezhennyam їhnoї logіchnoї that semantichnoї structure poslіdovnostі Pliny in chasі scho otrimati dozvolyaє nova іnformatsіyu about the camp in the system S zadanі Moments hour.

Randomness modelyuvannya - tse view Komp'yuterniy modelyuvannya, yaky dozvolyaє otrimati statistichnі danі vіdnosno protsesіv in modelovanіy sistemі S.

Zaznachimo, scho all chastіshe (i tse logіchno) in ekonomіtsі vikoristovuєtsya kombіnovane modelyuvannya, sistemotvіrnim Elements yakogo Je analіtichnі modelі.

At that pobudovі vikoristannі kombіnovanih models poperedno conductive dekompozitsіyu processes funktsіonuvannya modelі on skladovі Elements.

W rozvitkom ekonomіko-ically mathematical doslіdzhen uskladnyuєtsya second problem klasifіkatsії models scho vikoristovuyutsya. Together іz viniknennyam novih tipіv models (Especially zmіshanih tipіv) i novih Find our їh klasifіkatsії zdіysnyuєtsya processes іntegratsії models rіznih tipіv in bіlsh skladnі modelnі konstruktsії.