Tsіni that tsіnova polіtika - Tormosov YG

1.2. Vpliv popitu i propozitsіїna formuvannya rinkovih tsіn

In rinkovіy ekonomіtsі mehanіzm formuvannya tsіn digit mіroyu deposits od spіvvіdnoshennya popitu Offers i.

Popit pokazuє Quantity Product, yak i zdatny spozhivach ready to buy for deyakoyu tsіnoyu protyagom viznachenogo hour. Popit that Cena perebuvayut, yak rule, zvorotnіy zalezhnostі mіzh another, denote tobto Cena nizhcha, tim bude popit bіlshim i navpaki. Tsey zvorotny phone reception mіzh popitom i tsіnoyu nazivaєtsya popitu law.

Propozitsіya - tse Quantity product yak Seller bazhaє i zdatny zaproponuvati to sell at the market for a particular tsіnoyu protyagom Pevnyi perіodu. Propozitsіya zvichayno rozglyadaєtsya s point Zora vigіdnostі tsіni for the seller (virobnika). Іnshimi words propozitsіya Quantity vkazuє the product, yak virobniki zgodnі proponuvati for rіznimi mozhlivimi tsіnami. Propozitsіya pokazuє direct phone reception mіzh tsіnoyu i kіlkіstyu zaproponovanogo product. W pіdvischennyam tsіni magnitude Offers zrostaє and Zi znizhennyam tsіni - propozitsіya skorochuєtsya. Taqiy phone reception nazivaєtsya Law Offers.

To dwellers z'yasuvati, yak VZAYEMODIYA rіshennya spozhivacha about product purchase i rіshennya virobnikіv about Yogo sales viznachaє tsіnu Quantity Product i, scho really kupuєtsya i prodaєtsya on market analysis, neobhіdno zvesti i zobraziti grafіchno ponyattya popitu that Offers (Fig. 1).

Grafіk popitu i Offers

Fig. 1. Grafіk popitu i Offers

W grafіka seen scho lіnіya popitu (D) i lіnіya Offers (S) peretinayutsya in tochtsі P yakіy vіdpovіdaє Cena TS1. Oznachaє Tse, scho with such a tіlki for tsіnoyu Quantity viroblenogo i zaproponovanogo market analysis to product dorіvnyuє tіy kіlkostі Yogo, yak i in spozhivach bazhaє zmozі buy. When takіy tsіnі not bude nadlishku ni, ni defіtsitu product.

Ekonomіsti nazivayut qiu tsіnu tsіnoyu rinkovogo klіringu, abo tsіnoyu rіvnovagi. When tsіnі vischіy for rіvnovazhnu magnitude Offers mill bіlshe popitu quantities. Tsey nadlishok sprichinit competitive zmenshennya tsіni Sellers SSMSC will pragnuti zvіlnitisya od Demba. Znizhennya tsіni skoroti propozitsіyu produktsії i odnochasno sponukatime pokuptsіv kupuvati її in bіlshіy kіlkostі.

Rate of skin, yak nizhcha for tsіnu rіvnovagi, potyagne yourselves viniknennya defіtsitu, tobto at tsomu magnitude popitu bude bіlsha value for Offers, scho znovu given to zrostannya tsіni. So rank, unaslіdok vplivu on tsіnu popitu Offers i won bude zmіnyuvatis whole hour in one chi Inshyj bіk od tsіni rіvnovagi, zbіgayuchis іz her on deyaky hour.

Yak Bulo said vische at znizhennі tsіni spozhivachі, zgіdno s law popitu, kupuvatimut bіlshu Quantity product. However stupіn reaktsії spozhivachіv on zmіnu tsіni Mauger uniquely varіyuvatisya od product to product. Bіlshe of reaktsіya spozhivachіv vіdnosno odnієї th tієї Well produktsії suttєvo zmіnyuєtsya at zmіnі tsіn in rіznih furrows.

Stupіn takoї chutlivostі spozhivachіv to zmіni tsіni produktsії nazivaєtsya tsіnovoyu elastichnіstyu. For popitu on deyakі produkti characterized vіdnosno Visoka chutlivіst spozhivachіv to zmіni tsіn, tobto nevelikі zmіni in tsіnі prizvodyat to digit for Change in kіlkostі produktsії scho kupuєtsya. Popit on takі produkti priynyato nazivati ​​"elastichnim". Stosovno zmіni tsіn on INSHI produkti spozhivachі vіdnosno nechutlivі, tobto navіt-valued zmіna in tsіnі given to deprivation nevelikoї zmіni in kіlkostі pridbanoї produktsії.U such vipadkah popit nazivayut "neelastichnim" (Fig. 2).

Grafіki elastichnogo that neelastichnogo popitu a) b)

Fig. 2. Grafіki elastichnogo (a) that neelastichnogo (b) popitu

Stupіn tsіnovoї elastichnostі abo neelastichnostі vimіryuєtsya for Relief koefіtsієnta elastichnostі (CE) of the formula:

Stupіn tsіnovoї elastichnostі

i de VP1 VP2 - the value popitu (obsyag sale) vіdpovіdno to the old (TS1) i by a new (C2) tsіnoyu.

In zv'yazku s tim, scho curve popitu demonstruє zvorotny phone reception mіzh tsіnoyu i kіlkіstyu produktsії scho kupuєtsya, koefіtsієnt elastichnostі Got vіd'єmne values. For sproschennya rozrahunkіv vіd'єmny sign іgnoruєtsya i elastichnіst naychastіshe virazhaєtsya in dodatnih numbers.

Tsіnova elastichnіst pokazuє reaktsіyu popitu in vіdpovіd on zmіnu tsіni i viznachaє on skіlki vіdsotkіv zmіnitsya popitu value at zmіnі tsіni 1%. Yakscho absolute value tsіnovoї elastichnostі> 1, then popit vvazhaєtsya elastichnim and Yakscho CE <1 - the neelastichnim.

In vipadku absolyutnoї neelastichnostі, if CE = 0, curve popitu Got viglyad lіnії, vertikalnoї vіdnosno osі tsіn. Over the minds absolyutnoї neelastichnostі, if, in parallel curve popitu gorizontalnіy osі obsyagu sale svіdchit i about those scho nіyaka zmіna tsіni not vplivaє an amount popitu.

On tsіnovu elastichnіst vplivaє bagato chinnikіv. According au-Perche, elastichnіst deposits od nayavnostі tovarіv-zamіnnikіv (analogіv). Chim bіlshe such tovarіv іsnuє on market analysis, PFM blizhchі їhnі osnovnі vlastivostі, team elastichnіshy popit them. So, on popit hlіb Mensch elastichny, nіzh popit on macaroni and popit on sіl neelastichny, to scho Won not Got zamіnnikіv.

Alternatively, elastichnіst deposits od pitomoї crowbars product in dohodі spozhivacha. Chim bіlsha Pete Wagga vitrat on pridbannya product in byudzhetі spozhivacha, tim bude vische elastichnіst popitu to Demba. Thus, 50% pіdvischennya tsіn on kantselyarskі skrіpki vikliche mіnіmalnu reaktsіyu pokuptsіv on spozhivannya danogo product. Ale Takeo Well SAME zrostannya tsіn, napriklad on m'yaso, zooms digit skorochennya kіlkostі pridbannya tsієї produktsії. Obedient zgadati here i about sіl, neelastichnіst popitu on yak takozh poyasnyuєtsya її Neznachny chastkoyu in vitratah sіmeynogo budget.

Vazhlivim chinnikom, yaky vplivaє on elastichnіst popitu Je sotsіalna znachuschіst product. Popit for goods pershoї neobhіdnostі zvichayno neelastichny, and on the subject of rozkoshі - elasticity. So, pіdvischennya tsіn water, elektroenergіyu, hlіb, SSMSC Je items pershoї neobhіdnostі not vikliche digit skorochennya їhnogo spozhivannya.

On elastichnіst popitu vplivaє takozh chinnik hour. Popit on goods bude tim elastichnіshim, denote bіlshe hour of acceptance for rіshennya Got spozhivach. Poyasnyuєtsya Tse note scho for Tsey perіod Mauger Buti osvoєne virobnitstvo tovarіv-zamіnnikіv, abo found mozhlivostі for bezbolіsnogo skorochennya spozhivannya danogo product.

Provedenі amerikanskimi vchenimi doslіdzhennya showed scho rіven tsіnovoї elastichnostі popitu in korotkostrokovomu i dovgostrokovomu perіodah, Got іstotnі rozbіzhnostі. So, koefіtsієnt elastichnostі popitu on kantselyarskі goods in korotkostrokovomu perіodі becoming 0.47, and dovgostrokovomu - 0.56, on pobutove spozhivannya elektroenergії, vіdpovіdno, 0.13 i 1.89, on mіzhnarodnі zalіznichnі transported - 1.4 i 3, 19, and kіnoteatrіv Hotel - 0.87 i 3.67. Navedenі danі svіdchat, scho in dovgostrokovomu perіodі on goods that vsіm Hotel elastichnіst Vishcha, nіzh in korotkostrokovomu. When tsomu on popit kantselyarskі Flea zmіnyuєtsya not practical in chasі i zalishaєtsya neelastichnim.

Before chinnikіv, SSMSC vplivayut on tsіnovu elastichnіst can vіdnesti ototozhnennya spozhivachami visokoї tsіni product s yogo temple yakіstyu and takozh nebazhannya pokuptsіv zmіnyuvati svoї zvichki i shukati deshevshі goods.

Kontseptsіya tsіnovoї elastichnostі takozh Mauger Buti zastosovana schodo Offers. Yakscho virobniki chutlivі to zmіni tsіn then propozitsіya elastichna, i navpaki. Elastichnіst Offers takozh deposits od tsіlogo number chinnikіv.

In Persha Cherga to them nalezhit vartіst virobnichih resursіv. Zmіna їhnoї vartostі vplivaє on vitrati virobnitstva and otzhe, i on obsyag viroblenoї produktsії. So, when zmenshennі pay for virobnichі resources scho vіdpovіdno znizit vitrati on virobnitstvo produktsії, obsyag Offers zbіlshitsya i navpaki.

The following chinnik - tse rіven tehnologії virobnitstva. Udoskonalennya tehnologіchnih protsesіv stvoryuє mozhlivostі for znizhennya vitrat on virobnitstvo produktsії i Veda to zbіlshennya її Offers for whether yakoyu tsіnoyu. On elastichnіst Offers vplivayut takozh tsіni for goods, scho viroblyayutsya competitors. So, Yakscho Flea Yea absolutely analogues (Shiney for avtomobіlіv, kopіyuvalny Papir), then zmіna Offers one-s tovarіv konkurentіv is staying in pryamіy zalezhnostі od zmіni tsіni іnshogo product.

Bezposeredno vplivayut on propozitsіyu podatki i subsidії, SSMSC rozglyadayutsya virobnikami yak pіdpriєmnitskі vitrati.Z pіdvischennyam podatkіv zbіlshuyutsya vitrati virobnitstva scho Veda to zrostannya tsіn i vіdpovіdno to skorochennya Offers. Zmenshennya rozmіrіv trademark podatkіv, yak i nadannya Reigning dotatsіy, zumovlyuє znizhennya vitrat, scho through nizhchu tsіnu Veda to zbіlshennya Offers.

One s nayvazhlivіshih chinnikіv scho vplivaє on elastichnіst Offers, Je hour yaky Got virobnik in svoєmu rozporyadzhennі, dwellers on vіdreaguvati zmіnu tsіni product. For analіzu vplivu chinnika hour to elastichnіst Offers vidіlyayut three rinkovі perіodi: naykorotshy, korotkostrokovy i dovgostrokovy.

Naykorotshy rinkovy perіod harakterizuєtsya nastіlki Malim hour scho virobniki not vstigayut vіdreaguvati on zmіnu tsіn i popitu. Yak naslіdok - propozitsіya neelastichna.

In furrows korotkostrokovogo perіodu virobnichі potuzhnostі okremih virobnikіv i vsієї the Branch zalishayutsya nezmіnnimi, ale Got pіdpriєmstvo dostatno hour, dwellers vikoristovuvati tsі potuzhnostі bіlsh chi Mensch іntensivno. Elastichnіst Offers zrostaє.

Dovgostrokovy perіod dostatnіy for dwellers pіdpriєm-tion vstiglo get used to come in OAO All bazhanі pristosuvannya svoїh resursіv to vimog rinkovoї situatsії scho zmіnyuєtsya. Propozitsіya elasticity.

Viznachennya elastichnostі popitu i Offers Got great significance for viroblennya tsіnovoї strategії pіdpriєmstva. So, Yakscho popit on goods elastichny then virobnik (Seller) guilty in svoїh dіyah urahovuvati efekt znizhennya tsіni. Zmenshena Cena Mauger bring Yomou bіlshy Prybutok for rakhunok zbіlshennya obsyagіv sale.