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Tsіni that tsіnova polіtika - Tormosov YG

2.2. Funktsії tsіn

Cena s time іnshimi Reigning regulators vіdіgraє active role in virіshennі bagatoh sotsіalno-ekonomіchnih zavdan. The values ​​that have Location tsіn regulyuvannі ekonomіchnih protsesіv yak on mіkro-, so i on makrorіvnі viyavlyaєtsya through їhnі funktsії. In ekonomіchnіy lіteraturі Absent єdinoї pillows vіdnosno kіlkostі funktsіy tsіn. Prote nayposhirenіshoyu Je Zora point, Cena vikonuє scho, yak mіnіmum, p'yat funktsіy:

oblіkovo-іnformatsіynu;

rozpodіlchu;

stimulyuyuchu;

balansuyuchu;

ratsіonalnogo rozmіschennya virobnitstva.

Oblіkovo-іnformatsіyna funktsіya tsіni - tse viraz in groshovіy formі rіznih for svoєyu-kind resursіv, vitrat that rezultatіv virobnitstva. Tіlki for Relief tsіn mozhna viznachiti vartіst vitrachenih materіalіv, sirovini, energії that pratsі, obchisliti value sukupnih vitrat on virobnitstvo produktsії that Prybutok od її realіzatsії.

Mіzh Tim minds Rinku oblіkova funktsіya tsіni not Mauger Buti zvedy tіlki to viznachennya vitrat that tsіn for yakimi virobnik Bajan bi prodavatsya his produktsіyu. Pid vplivom such chinnikіv, yak popit, propozitsіya, konkurentsіya, Reigning vtruchannya in processes that tsіnoutvorennya INSHI, rinkova Cena Mauger іstotno vіdhilyatisya not tіlki od magnitude vitrat virobnika and takozh od rіvnya proponovanih tsіn him. Tom tіlki on market analysis, in protsesі kupіvlі-sale Mauger Buti pіdtverdzhena dotsіlnіst zdіysnenih vitrat. Same here Rate pokazuє scho koshtuє suspіlstvu zadovolennya konkretnoї required in tіy chi іnshіy produktsії.

So rank, on the whole tsіnah bazuєtsya vartіsny Obl_k rіznomanіtnih ekonomіchnih protsesіv that vimіr їhnіh rezultatіv. Zavdyaki tsomu on osnovі tsіn viznachayutsya OAO All vartіsnі macro that mіkropokazniki, zokrema, gross vnutrіshnіy product natsіonalny dohіd, іnvestitsії, obsyag virobnitstva, tovaroobіg, rentabelnіst, produktivnіst pratsі that іn.

Krіm of Cena Je Especially nosієm Informácie, yaky zastosovuєtsya yak іnstrument analіzu, prognozuvannya that upravlіnnya rozvitkom of companies, Galuzo, regіonіv she Economy Kraina in tsіlomu. In kіntsevomu pіdsumku Cena vistupaє yak zasіb oblіku rezultatіv ekonomіchnoї dіyalnostі suspіlstva Yea i one іz kriterіїv Vibor Pevnyi gospodarskih rіshen.

The essence of rozpodіlchoї funktsії polyagaє in the fact scho for Relief tsіn zdіysnyuєtsya rozpodіl abo pererozpodіl natsіonalnogo income mіzh Galuzo Economy, regіonami, forms vlasnostі, pіdpriєmstvami that sotsіalnimi GROUP population. Tsіnovy pererozpodіl dohodіv zdіysnyuєtsya through spіvvіdnoshennya tsіn on rіznі Vidi produktsії Pevnyi Galuzo, rіven that їhnyu themselves tsіn structure. So, zavdyaki vstanovlennyu temple rozdrіbnih tsіn on prestizhnі Flea is the subject of rozkoshі (s virobi hutra natural, unvarnished yuvelіrnі s dorogotsіnnih metalіv that kamіnnya) zabezpechuєtsya pererozpodіl koshtіv pevnoї Chastain population s temple rіvnem dohodіv. Dodatkovі income SSMSC nadhodyat od realіzatsії Tsikh tovarіv and takozh alcoholic that Tyutyunova virobіv through the budget for vikoristovuyutsya sotsіalnogo Zahist malozabezpechenih verstv population (nadannya zhitlovih subsidіy, FREE proїzdu in mіskomu elektrotransportі pensіoneram toscho).

Realіzatsіya rozpodіlchoї funktsії dosyagaєtsya for rakhunok on until tsіn okremih tovarіv excise Zborov, podatku on Dodanim vartіst that іnshih podatkovih platezhіv, SSMSC spryamovuyutsya to zagalnoderzhavnogo that mіstsevih byudzhetіv. Zavdyaki podatkovih nadhodzhennyam to zagalnoderzhavnogo budget zabezpechuєtsya pererozpodіl dohodіv i in regіonalnomu aspektі. So, in Ukraїnі for rakhunok budgetary koshtіv dotuєtsya rozvitok Volinskoї, Ivano-Frankіvskoї that deyakih іnshih areas.

Pererozpodіl dohodіv zdіysnyuєtsya takozh vstanovlennyam rіznih vidіv tsіn on the train itself produktsіyu for rіznih spozhivachіv. Napriklad, tariffs for the population to elektroenergіyu nizhchі, nіzh in promislovostі.

Nayaktivnіshe rozpodіlcha funktsіya viyavlyaєtsya through tsіni, SSMSC vstanovlyuє abo regulyuє power. So, zvіlnennya kam'yanogo vugіllya od podatku on Dodanim vartіst zabezpechuє Pevnyi pererozpodіl dohodіv mіzh palivno-energetichnimi that obrobnimi Galuzo promislovostі. Regulyuyuchi Income okremih Galuzo for Relief tsіn, Power vplivaє on pace їhnogo rozvitku, Pevnyi mіroyu usuvaє superechnostі mіzh virobnikami that spozhivachami produktsії, pіdporyadkovuє dіyalnіst of companies natsіonalnim іnteresam. Ale rozpodіl mіzh Galuzo through tsіn system Minds sovereign regulyuvannya not zavzhdi ekonomіchno vipravdany, that scho in bagatoh vipadkah vіn Veda to nizkoї konkurentospromozhnostі virobnikіv abo to neobhіdnostі їhnogo dotuvannya budget.

Sort order іz tsіnami Especially, as in bagatoh vipadkah navіt provіdnu role in rozpodіlchih processes vіdіgraє fіnansova system. Napriklad, pіdvischennya zhittєvogo rіvnya okremih verstv population shvidshe mozhna dosyagti Shlyakhov zbіlshennya zarobіtnoї pay (pensіy) abo zmenshennya rates opodatkuvannya dohodіv gromadyan.Dosyagnennya tsієї Well methylation through tsіnoutvorennya Mensch efektivnosti system to scho zmіna tsіn torkaєtsya іnteresіv usogo population, not tіlki yogo sotsіalno nezahischenoї Chastain.

Stimulyuyucha funktsіya tsіni polyagaє in zaohochuvalnomu abo strimuyuchomu vplivі tsіni on virobnitstvo that spozhivannya rіznih vidіv produktsії. For Relief tsіn mozhna stimulyuvati rozvitok ratsіonalnoї structuring virobnitstva, uprovadzhennya dosyagnen NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso, pіdvischennya of Quality produktsії, ekonomіyu materіalnih i resursіv of labor.

Cena spravlyaє stimulyuyuchy vpliv on virobnitstvo, headaches rank, in terms of the pributku scho include up to її warehouse. So, for zaohochennya virobnika to vigotovlennya novoї produktsії in tsіnі on neї treba vstanoviti vischy rіven pributku, nіzh yogo іsnuyucha value in the old tsіnі virobu. Not zovsіm correctly vvazhati scho itself magnitude tsіni Je incentive for vprovadzhennya in virobnitstvo novoї produktsії, to scho Mauger pіdvischennya tsіni suprovodzhuvatis bіlshim zrostannyam vitrat on virobnitstvo product, scho prizvede navіt to zmenshennya chastki pributku in її skladі.

For spozhivachіv stimulyuyucha funktsіya viyavlyaєtsya not stіlki in zmenshennі samoї tsіni, skіlki in vstanovlennі nizhchoї tsіni in rozrahunku on odinitsyu spozhivchoї vlastivostі novoї produktsії in porіvnyannі s analogіchnim virobom. Tobto stimulyuyuchy vpliv tsіni on spozhivannya vіdbuvatimetsya navіt todі, if absolutely Cena zroste, ale, zavdyaki digit pіdvischennyu produktsії of Quality, Rate odinitsі її korisnogo efekta bude less then.

Rozglyanemo realіzatsіyu stimulyuyuchoї funktsії tsіni on prikladі formuvannya vartostі proїznogo Kvitka in kiїvskomu metropolіtenі. Koli vstanovlena admіnіstratsієyu Mista vartіst odnієї poїzdki become 30 kopecks. Povny proїzny ticket on mіsyats koshtuvav 19 UAH. Tse meant scho passengers in the subway one poїzdka (odinitsya spozhivannya) koshtuvala mayzhe 32 kopecks., Yakscho vіn skin of the day, i urahovuyuchi vihіdnі, protyagom mіsyatsya (30 dnіv) dvіchі day koristuvavsya CIM transport. Such Cena proїznogo Kvitka ekonomіchno not zaohochuvala to yogo pridbannya quiet pasazhirіv, SSMSC koristuvalisya metro deprivation protyagom 25 dnіv (robochі plus Saturdays), more cutaneous їhnya poїzdka koshtuvala 38 kopecks., Scho uniquely dorozhche, nіzh at vikoristannі zhetonіv.

When pіdvischennі vartostі poїzdki to 50 kopecks. Cena proїznogo Kvitka zbіlshilas to 25 UAH. For Tsikh minds when koristuvannі metropolіtenom dvіchі day protyagom 25 dnіv vartіst odnієї poїzdki becoming Ti x 50 kopecks, and protyagom 30 dnіv -. Navіt 42 kopecks. Tse bezumovno, zaohochuє pasazhirіv to koristuvannya proїznimi Kvitko instead of tokens.

Rozkrittya stimulyuyuchogo vplivu on spozhivannya absolyutnoї bіlshostі tovarіv (odyag, VZUTTYA, Mebli, Parfum toscho) through tsіnu їhnіh yakіsnih characteristics pov'yazane s Pevnyi trudnoschami, SSMSC viklikanі tim, scho them practical nemozhlivo viznachiti kіlkіsno odinitsyu yak, so i scrip spozhivchih vlastivostey produktsії . Tom stimulyuvannya NKVD spozhivannya population bіlshostі tovarіv dosyagaєtsya, yak usually for rakhunok diferentsіatsії rates podatkіv indirect (excise zbіr, Mito) that regulyuvannya in skladі tsіni rіvnya rentabelnostі i-largest trading poserednitskih allowances.

Balansuyucha funktsіya tsіni viyavlyaєtsya in the fact scho for Relief tsіn zdіysnyuєtsya phone reception mіzh virobnitstvom i spozhivannyam, dosyagaєtsya rіvnovaga mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu. Vische vzhe zaznachalos scho popit i propozitsіya virіvnyuyut tsіnu. Ale on Tsei processes mozhna podivitis i s іnshogo side - Cena Je іnstrumentom zabezpechennya rіvnovagi mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu. Vіdomo scho mіzh rinkovoyu tsіnoyu that kіlkіstyu tovarіv, yak proponuєtsya for sale, іsnuє Auburn zalezhnіst. So, Zi zbіlshennyam tsіni Quantity pridbanih tovarіv zmenshuєtsya, while znizhennі tsіni obsyag sale zrostaє.

Navpaki, propozitsіya harakterizuєtsya directly zalezhnіstyu mіzh tsіnoyu that kіlkіstyu zaproponovanih to sell tovarіv. Zi zbіlshennyam tsіni obsyag zrostaє and Zi zmenshennyam - padaє. So rank, Cena, stimulyuyuchi virobnitstvo at defіtsitі produktsії strimuyuchi i yogo at nadlishku tovarіv, zabezpechuє dinamіchny balance mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu.

In rinkovih minds such funktsіya tsіni automatic and regulyuє suspіlne virobnitstvo Shlyakhov skorochennya Key infrastructure tovarіv, scho not koristuyutsya popitom, i spryamuvannyam materіalnih, i fіnansovih of labor resursіv on virobnitstvo produktsії, popit on yak zrostaє, abo Je stabіlnim. W away rozvitkom in Ukraїnі rinkovih vіdnosin, konkurentsії that vіlnogo pіdpriєmnitstva balansuyucha funktsіya bude vіdіgravati dedalі bіlshu role i bunt camp at formuvannі tsіn on goods that Hotel.

Funktsіya tsіni yak zasobu ratsіonalnogo rozmіschennya virobnitstva viyavlyaєtsya in the fact scho for Relief tsіn zdіysnyuєtsya pererozpodіl kapіtalіv on korist quiet sektorіv, Galuzo chi virobnitstv, SSMSC toil vischu rate pributku. Taqiy overflow kapіtalіv pіdpriєmstva zdіysnyuyut samostіyno pid vplivom rinkovih chinnikіv s metoyu otrimannya bіlshoї pributku quantities. In the minds ukraїnskoї Economy at nedostatnomu rozvitku konkurentsії, monopolіzmu bagatoh virobnikіv that dosit temple rіvnі іnflyatsії Taqiy pererozpodіl kapіtalіv slit dosit obmezheny. When tsomu pіdpriєmtsі mainly chastku koshtіv spryamovuyut not have virobnichu sphere, and in-torgovelno poserednitsku dіyalnіst, de norm pributku uniquely Vishcha, nіzh in іnshih Galuzo.

Usі perelіchenі funktsії tsіni tіsno pov'yazanі mіzh him. So, balansuyucha funktsіya Je prodovzhennyam stimulyuyuchoї i takozh spryamovana on zbіlshennya virobnitstva tovarіv scho koristuyutsya popitom. Funktsіya tsіni yak zasobu ratsіonalnogo rozmіschennya virobnitstva tіsno vzaєmodіє s rozpodіlchoyu funktsієyu, and once the stench through pererozpodіl koshtіv, spriyayut rozvitku visokopributkovih areas of Economy, de іsnuє pіdvischeny popit on goods that Hotel.